The Bird Clan. The Bird Clan (Wanîk Hikikáredjera) is in reality four clans: the Thunderbird, Eagle, Warrior (or Hawk), and Pigeon. These four clans now form the Upper (or Sky) Moiety, one of two basic divisions of society, the other being the Lower (or Earth) Moiety (see Moiety Origin Myth). Dorsey believed that the four were taken together as a clan because in earlier times they had literally been a clan. Radin, however, doubts this. [1] The matter is not easily settled. Supporting Dorsey's position is the fact that among the closely related Missouria there was also a Bird Clan with four subdivisions bearing a reasonable resemblance to that of the Hotcâgara. Among the Hotcâgara these four descent groups retain a unity by constituting a moiety. Elsewhere among the closely related Chiwere (the Ioway, Oto, and Missouria), the moieties show wildly divergent clan membership, which strongly suggests that moieties have been rather fluid over the years. Just how long has that period been? According to linguistic studies, the Hotcâgara, Ioway, Oto, and Missouria formed one tribe with one language ca. 1500 AD. So in 1850, their mutual separation had spanned 350 years. [2] However, despite the divergence in moiety formation, the clans of the four tribes remain in a fairly straightforward alignment, as can be seen from this table [3]:

The Proto-Winnebago-Chiwere show interesting convergences with the clan system of the Quapah. In the Oto foundation stories collected by Whitman, the Elk Clan has prominent mention, although it is omitted from the list made up by Dorsey. Also, Whitman's myths speak of two Bear Clans, the second of which howl like wolves when someone of the other clan dies. [4] The closeness of the Hotcâk Bear and Wolf Clans is well known, suggesting that the Oto Second Bear Clan replaced or evolved from a Wolf Clan (thereby matching the Ioway and Hotcâgara). The Hotcâk Deer and Fish Clans were probably subclans of the Elk and Snake respectively. These clans remain very close to one another even today. The Elk Clan in all of these tribes had the function of waiters, especially in ritual and for the chiefs. The Hotcâk Waterspirit Clan has a Beaver subclan [5], and many clan names make reference to the beaver (1, 2). Both the Oto and Ioway show a strong association between the Thunderbird and Eagle Clans. This was once the situation among the Hotcâgara as well, as is seen in a diagram of the relationship between the members of the Bird Clan in its creation myth:

Apparently the strong association between the Thunderbird and Eagle (sub)clans has obtained since ca. 1500. The Hawk and Owl are similar birds, one is strongly associated with the day, and the other with the night. The owl has highly negative associations among the Hotcâgara, and no trace of it exists in the Bird Clan myths except as a negative force. Nevertheless, the Hawk Clan, also known functionally as the Warrior Clan, has a very dark reputation, including the practice of cannibalism. All the tribes agree as to the existence of a Pigeon Clan except the Missouria, who have a similar Small Bird Clan (or subclan). The Hotcâk myths usually portray the founders of these clans as brothers, the kind of relationship expected among the progenitors of subclans. Subclans typically number four so that each of them can be correlated with one of the four quarters. Therefore, there is some evidence that the Bird Clan was once just that, and that its subclans became powerful enough to claim the status of full clans in their own right while retaining their former clan association at the higher level of moiety.

The Bird Clan has special clan names that it gives to its members [6]:

Concerning a clan feast, Radin has this to say: "The chief feast, or, as it may now properly be called, the feast of the bird clans, is generally given once a year sometimes in late spring. It was also given on certain other occasions for specific purposes. At the present time it is given by the members of the Thunderbird clan and the prevalence of the appellation "chief feast" would seem to indicate that it was at all times the feast of the Thunderbird clan. We ought then to expect to find clan feasts of the other members of the wañgeregi [Upper Moiety] division, namely, of the Warrior, Eagle, and Pigeon clans. No such feasts are given to-day, however, and the members of these latter three clans always speak of the chief or bird feast as their specific clan feasts. As such it is also regarded by the members of the mânegi [Earth Moiety] division." [7] If anything, this is strong evidence for all four of the present Bird Clans having once formed a single clan.

What follows is the text of the Bird Clan Origin Myth.

The first third of this story is said to be missing (in a note at the top of the first page of the manuscript).

Bird Clan Origin Myth. [Reconstruction of the missing 1 1/2 pages -- There was a village. It was a Hotcâk village. It was near a lake. At some distance from this village a boy lived with his uncle and aunt. Across the lake lay the village of another tribe. With this tribe they were frequently at war. One day this tribe took the young nephew prisoner and carried him back to their village across the lake. Sometime later, a Hotcâk warleader led a large warparty against this village, sacking the whole of it. Then ...]

(1) [...] the Hotcâgara killed them. There they killed the men. They burned them all up, and some of the remaining women who were pregnant they also caused to be burned to death. And in like manner all the children and all the old men they killed and burned up. They took a boy there from a family with no other children. They asked for that boy. "What is this? Is it a boy? Bring him here," they said. They stripped the boy naked. They grabbed his penis from behind, and pulling it back, showed him this way in public. They said, "He is a little girl." They did not kill this boy. "Where they burned up the people, they will find none of that long leg at the post," they said to him.

Wherever they burned people, there up to the present time they would often find wampum. (2) There also they would often find ear-bobs and Indian calico. At the fireplace where they burn the people the grass does not grow. A very sandy spot it is, and there they took many people prisoner. They found them and took them home.

A man said, "They're going home with me." He said to his wife, "Mâséghîwiga, four days from now I will return at a spring. Wait for me there," he said. That woman waited there, and four lights arrived. They told that man, "You will go home, you said. When are you going?" they said. There he said, "When she comes up, then I will go back," he said. They laughed at him. He was saying that he was not going to be able to go home because they had tied him up. They laughed at him. "When the sun begins to go up, then I will go back. (3) My old woman is waiting for me at the spring. I am convinced that she must be there," he said to them. Then they laughed at him for a long time. [His feet] were very tightly tied together. He moved in very small steps. He was going along there when they lost sight of him. He was not there. "Go look for him. He must be something," one of them said. "He's gone home," they said. They went and looked for him. He had gone more than half way. As he was going along, there a bear was walking on the water. One of them said, "He's gone." Everyone looked on the other side where he landed (hagíadjinâki). They looked at the tracks. As they went, they saw the tracks. There the bear tracks went through running.

And later after that, the other tribe when they met together, there that other tribe was suffering from acute starvation. They had not killed the young man. They found the man and took him home with them. There they found for him the hitcûcgé (nephew) Wakcánihegaga (The One who Said Turn Back). There he asked for him, so they told him. (4) They called his name. They had taken him prisoner. "You ran away across the lake. You went home. We saw your back. When we got here, you came with the bear track," they said. "We like to eat one bear apiece. You can take your nephew back," they said to him. "My old woman will get our nephew back easily," he said.

Very early in the morning he picked up his arrows and went out. Not far from the camp the children used to play on a mound. There he did this: he stamped down on the top of that mound. When a bear came out there, there he shot him with an arrow right under the left arm. There he killed it. And wherever they had his nephew, there he went. "Give me back my nephew now. Over there is a bear," he said to them. They gave him back. They went after the bear by the lake. (5) Unexpectedly, near the lodge was a mound where the children used to play. There he had killed a bear. Some of them thought he was wonderfully holy. "He is holy (wak'âtcáñk)," they said.

It was near there that they almost made a mistake. There the Thunderbird Clan (Wakâdja Hikikáredjera) was almost ended. They took the young man back. From him the Bird Clan (Wanîk Hikikáredjera) takes its origin. It was almost at an end, it is said.

That's all. [8]

Commentary. they said, "He is a little girl" -- turning a prisoner into a de facto woman is seen in both the origin myth of the berdache, and one of the stories about the near annihilation of the Hotcâk nation. In the present context, a male whose penis disappears so that his sex is not apparent recalls the fact that the penises of birds are contained within a sheath that makes them invisible under ordinary circumstances. Thus the treatment of the boy makes him bird-like as well. When the man is tied up and attempts to leave, he leaves "small tracks" as if his legs were tied tightly together. This too is a characteristic of flying birds, who unlike mammals, have very short strides.

Concerning the name Mâséghîwiga, this is probably a Bird Clan name, meaning, "She who Makes Noise with an Ax," a reference to the launching of lightning by the Thunderbirds, which is sometimes said to be done with their warclubs. Compare the name, Nâmâtcenâk'ik'awairega, "He of Whose Warclub They are Afraid," and Nâmâtce K'urusga, "He Who has Taken His Warclub." [9]

"there a bear was walking on the water" -- in some versions of the Bear Clan Origin Myth, the primordial Bear clansmen come as bears walking on the waters (see 1, 2), hence the Bear Clan name Nî-anâjîga, "Stands on the Water." The man said he would rendezvous with his wife at a spring. Judging from the tracks, he rendezvoused with a bear. Thus his wife would seem to have turned into a bear, despite her Bird Clan name. He says that he wife will be instrumental in reclaiming their nephew, after which he mysteriously produces and kills a bear. Clearly his wife had given him supernatural help.

he landed (hagíadjinâki) -- this word is a compound, hagi-híadjinâki, from hagi, "there," and hiâdjinâk, "to land." Inasmuch as his feet were bound, this makes an obvious reference to flying. Clearly, he flew over the lake and landed on the other side.

Wakcánihegaga -- this appears to be from wa-, "the one who," kca, "to turn back," and probably anihega, "that saying," the latter in the sense of "the thing that had been said." Radin renders the name, "the-one-who-turned-back," but it is probably better rendered as, "He who Said to Turn Back."

hitcûcgé -- the term refers to a sister's son (nephew) or to the son of a son or daughter (grandson). When the other tribe had taken him prisoner, it was apparently for the purpose of adopting him rather than burning him. His uncle is also said to be a young man, sometimes called hotcîtcî´nîk ("boy"), and other times called uañk = wâk ("man"). Therefore, the hitcûcgé must be a nephew and not a grandson.

"there the Thunderbird Clan was almost ended. ... from him the Bird Clan takes its origin" -- this implies that the Bird Clan derives from the Thunderbird Clan, since he is at once the founder of the Thunderbird Clan and the Bird Clan of which it is a member.

Summary of the story. This seems to be the only interpretation that works:-- The Hotcâgara rub out a village of another tribe except for their women and one boy. They symbolically make this boy into a woman. They do not realize that this is a missing nephew of one of their own tribe. They do not take him with them, but leave him behind. At the burning place, people would sometimes go to collect things of value. Near there, the other tribe took a Hotcâk prisoner who was with his wife. He was the boy's uncle. Four days later he attempted to leave even though his legs are tied. When he reached the other side of the lake by flying, he rendezvoused with a bear, whom we must assume is his wife. He was recaptured by the other tribe, but they spared him. There he asked for his nephew. They get him for him. However, they asked that they be given a bear apiece to eat, since they are starving. He produces a bear in a way only a holy person could, so they gave him back his nephew. He was taken back among the Hotcâgara, where he became the progenitor of the Bird Clan. Thus the Hotcâgara themselves almost brought this clan to an end by mistake.

Links: Bear Spirits, Bird Spirits.

Stories: about the union of the two moieties: Moiety Origin Myth, Hotcâk Clans Origin Myth; mentioning the Thunderbird Clan: Thunderbird Clan Origin Myth, Hotcâk Clans Origin Myth, Origin of the Hotcâk Chief, Eagle Clan Origin Myth, Pigeon Clan Origins, The Creation Council, Warughápara, The Greedy Woman, Waterspirit Clan Origin Myth, Wolf Clan Origin Myth (v. 5), The Thunderbird; about (the origins of) the Hotcâk clans: Hotcâk Clans Origin Myth, Thunderbird Clan Origin Myth, Story of the Thunder Names, Eagle Clan Origin Myth, Wonághire Wâkcik Clan Origin Myth, Pigeon Clan Origins, Waterspirit Clan Origin Myth, Bear Clan Origin Myth, Buffalo Clan Origin Myth, The Elk Clan Origin Myth, Deer Clan Origin Myth, Wolf Clan Origin Myth, Snake Clan Origins, Fish Clan Origins; about Bird Spirits: Crane and His Brothers, The King Bird, Bird Origin Myth, Wears White Feathers on His Head, Old Man and White Feathers, The Boy who was Captured by the Bad Thunderbirds, The Thunderbird, Owl Goes Hunting, The Boy Who Became a Robin, Partridge's Older Brother, The Woman who Loved Her Half-Brother, The Foolish Hunter, Ocean Duck, Earthmaker Sends Rucewe to the Twins, The Quail Hunter, Baldheaded Warclub Origin Myth, The Hotcâk Arrival Myth, Trickster Gets Pregnant, Trickster and the Geese, Holy One and His Brother (kaghi, woodpeckers, hawks), Porcupine and His Brothers (Ocean Sucker), Turtle's Warparty (Thunderbirds, eagles, kaghi, pelicans, sparrows), Kaghíga and Lone Man (kaghi), The Old Man and the Giants (kaghi, bluebirds), The Bungling Host (snipe, woodpecker), The Red Feather, Trickster, the Wolf, the Turtle, and the Meadow Lark, Warughápara, The Race for the Chief's Daughter, Black and White Moons, The Markings on the Moon, The Creation Council, He Who Eats the Stinking Part of the Deer Ankle, Earthmaker Blesses Wagícega (Wecgícega), Hare Acquires His Arrows, Keramanic'aka's Blessing (black hawk, owl), Worúxega (eagle), The Arrows of the Medicine Rite Men (eagle), The Gift of Shooting (eagle), Hotcâk Clans Origin Myth, Wonághire Wâkcik Clan Origin Myth, The Hotcâk Migration Myth, Blue Jay, The Baldness of the Buzzard, The Abduction and Rescue of Trickster (buzzards), The Shaggy Man (kaghi), The Medicine Rite Foundation Myth (kaghi), Spear Shaft and Lacrosse, Îtcorúcika and His Brothers (Loon), Great Walker's Medicine (loon), Roaster (woodsplitter), The Spirit of Gambling, The Big Stone (a partridge), Trickster's Anus Guards the Ducks, The Fleetfooted Man, The Journey to Spiritland (v. 4) -- see also Thunderbirds; mentioning Thunderbirds: The Thunderbird, Warughápara, How the Thunders Met the Nights, The Boy who was Captured by the Bad Thunderbirds, Traveler and the Thunderbird War, The Boulders of Devil's Lake, Thunderbird and White Horse, Bluehorn's Nephews, How the Hills and Valleys were Formed (vv. 1, 2), The Man who was a Reincarnated Thunderbird, The Thunder Charm, The Lost Blanket, The Twins Disobey Their Father, The Thunderbird Clan Origin Myth, Story of the Thunder Names, The Wonághire Wâkcik Clan Origin Myth, Eagle Clan Origin Myth, Pigeon Clan Origins, Adventures of Redhorn's Sons, Brave Man, Ocean Duck, Turtle's Warparty, The Daughter-in-Law's Jealousy, The Quail Hunter, The Twins Join Redhorn's Warparty, Redhorn's Sons, The Dipper, The Stone that Became a Frog, The Race for the Chief's Daughter, Redhorn Contests the Giants, The Sons of Redhorn Find Their Father, The Warbundle of the Eight Generations, Medicine Rite Foundation Myth, Origin of the Hotcâk Chief, The Spirit of Gambling, Wolf Clan Origin Myth, Aratcgéga's Blessings, Kunu's Warpath, The Orphan who was Blessed with a Horse, The Nightspirits Bless Tciwoit'éhiga, The Green Waterspirit of the Wisconsin Dells, Baldheaded Warclub Origin Myth, The Big Stone, The Origins of the Milky Way; mentioning (spirit) bears (other than were-bears): White Bear, Blue Bear, Black Bear, Red Bear, Bear Clan Origin Myth, The Shaggy Man, Bear Offers Himself as Food, Hare Visits His Grandfather Bear, Hare Establishes Bear Hunting, The Woman Who Fought the Bear, The Wolf Clan Origin Myth, Hotcâk Clans Origin Myth, The Messengers of Hare, The Hotcâk Migration Myth, Red Man, Hare Recruits Game Animals for Humans, Lifting Up the Bear Heads, Hare Secures the Creation Lodge, The Two Boys, Creation of the World (v. 5), Spear Shaft and Lacrosse, The Brown Squirrel, Snowshoe Strings, Medicine Rite Foundation Myth, East Enters the Medicine Lodge, Lake Winnebago Origin Myth, The Spider's Eyes, How the Thunders Met the Nights, The Race for the Chief's Daughter, Trickster's Tail, Old Man and White Feathers, cf. Fourth Universe; mentioning shells: The Gift of Shooting, The Markings on the Moon, The Shell Anklets Origin Myth, The Arrows of the Medicine Rite Men, Otter Comes to the Medicine Rite, The Wild Rose, Young Man Gambles Often (wampum), Wolves and Humans (oyster), The Lost Child, The Medicine Rite Foundation Myth, V. 2, Turtle's Warparty, The Lost Blanket (mussel), The Annihilation of the Hotcâgara I, Hare Visits the Bodiless Heads (crab); mentioning wampum (shell currency): Young Man Gambles Often, The Human Head, Turtle and the Giant, Snowshoe Strings, The Chief of the Herok'a, The Markings on the Moon, The Medicine Rite Foundation Myth, v.2, The Blessing of Kerexûsaka; mentioning springs: Trail Spring, Vita Springs, The Resurrection of the Chief's Daughter, Bear Clan Origin Myth, vv. 6, 8, The Woman Who Fought the Bear, Bluehorn's Nephews, Blue Mound, The Boy who was Blessed by a Mountain Lion, The Lost Child, Old Man and White Feathers, The Wild Rose, The Omahas who turned into Snakes, The Two Brothers, Snowshoe Strings, The Daughter-in-Law's Jealousy, He Who Eats the Stinking Part of the Deer Ankle, How the Thunders Met the Nights, The Mulberry Picker, The Orphan who was Blessed with a Horse, Rich Man, Boy, and Horse, The Two Boys, Warughápara, Wazûka, The Man Who Fell from the Sky, Turtle and the Witches.

Themes: making the enemy "play with fire": The Fox-Hotcâk War, Redhorn's Sons, The Adventures of Redhorn's Sons, Spear Shaft and Lacrosse; a male survives execution by assuming the attributes of a female: Annihilation of the Hotcâgara II, Berdache Origin Myth, The Big Stone (inverse: male/female); someone is abducted and led off into captivity: The Captive Boys, A Man's Revenge, Bluehorn's Nephews, Wears White Feathers on His Head, Îtcorúcika and His Brothers, The Man Whose Wife was Captured, Bladder and His Brothers, The Boy who was Captured by the Bad Thunderbirds, Bluehorn Rescues His Sister, The Boy who was Blessed by a Mountain Lion, The Green Man, Brave Man, The Chief of the Herok'a, Cûgepaga, Hare Gets Swallowed, The Raccoon Coat, Wodjidjé, Wolves and Humans, The Woman Who Became an Ant, Thunderbird and White Horse, The Boy who Flew, Testing the Slave; walking on water: Bear Clan Origin Myth (v. 3), How the Thunders Met the Nights, Otter Comes to the Medicine Rite, The Chief of the Herok'a, Redhorn's Sons; hunters track an animal that turns out to be a spirit being: Lake Wâkcikhomîgra (Mendota): the Origin of Its Name (raccoon), The Spirit of Maple Bluff (raccoon), The Were-fish (raccoon), The Wild Rose (wolf), The Resurrection of the Chief's Daughter (deer); starvation: The Brown Squirrel, White Wolf, The Red Man, The Old Man and His Four Dogs, A Man and His Three Dogs, Sun and the Big Eater, Kaghíga and Lone Man, The Shaggy Man, The Bungling Host, The Twins Retrieve Red Star's Head; a man kills a game animal by simply striking the knoll (or stump) in which it is hiding: Redhorn's Father, Old Man and White Feathers, Trickster and the Children, Snowshoe Strings; one of the Hotcâk (sub)clans originated from another tribe: Snake Clan Origins, Pigeon Clan Origins, Fish Clan Origins, Fourth Universe; a Hotcâk (sub)clan was founded by a single foreign man: Fourth Universe.

Notes:

[1] Rev. James Owen Dorsey, Siouan Sociology, in Bureau of American Ethnology, 15th Annual Report, 241; Paul Radin, The Winnebago Tribe (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1990 [1923]) 270-271.

[2] James Warren Springer and Stanley R. Witkowski, "Siouan Historical Linguistics and Oneota Archaeology," in Guy E. Gibbon, ed., Oneota Studies (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Publications in Anthropology, #1) 69-83 (p. 74).

[3] James O. Dorsey, "The Social Organization of the Siouan Tribes," The Journal of American Folk-Lore, 4 (1891): 340.

[4] William Whitman, "Origin Legends of the Oto," Journal of American Folk-Lore, 51 (1938): 173-205.

[5] Radin, The Winnebago Tribe, p. ?.

[6] The names were taken from the following sources:

(D) Rev. James Owen Dorsey, "Winnebago Gentes, including Personal Names Belonging to each Gens" (National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution: T.D., 1878-79?), cat. #4800 DORSEY PAPERS, Winnebago (319).

(R) Radin, The Winnebago Tribe, 173-177.

(R-p) Paul Radin, Personal Reminiscences of a Winnebago Indian, Journal of American Folk-Lore, 26, #102 (1913): 293-318. The names are given on pp. 300-303.

[7] Radin, The Winnebago Tribe, 270.

[8] J. W., Untitled, in Paul Radin, [unpublished] Winnebago Notebooks (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society Library) Notebook 72, Story 51, pp. 1-5.

[9] Radin, The Winnebago Tribe, 174.