A man and his sister lived alone together in an oval lodge. The man was completely tco (blue/green) all over, from head to toe. He was an expert hunter and would go out every day in pursuit of game. He loved his sister very much, and every morning he would comb her hair for her. One day he said to her, "Younger sister, there will come a man who looks exactly like me in every way, and no one will be able to tell us apart by our looks. However, this man will tease you, and if you think it is me and do what he says, it will be very shameful. Therefore, whatever you do, do not do anything that he says." The next morning he went out hunting as usual. However, no sooner had he left than she could hear him coming back, and he entered inside, although he did not sit in his usual place. He said, "Younger sister, I'll be taking a sweat bath, so put a stone in for me." So she put a stone in the fire and made ready the sweat lodge. When she was done, she got a poker to roll out the hot stone, but he said, "Here, here, younger sister, don't do that, just pick it up with your hands and set it in." As a result, she burned her hands severely. After all that, he didn't even take the sweat bath. Then he suddenly left, but no sooner had he gone, than he seemed to have turned right around and come back. When her brother came back with a pack, she would always go out and bring it in for him, but this time she sat staring at the wall so that he had to bring his pack in himself. "Now then, younger sister," he said, "you did not do as I told you, so on your account I must now commit a crime. When he comes back tomorrow, I will kill him. We will have to do something shameful, so try your hardest." Then he attended to her wounded hands.

The next morning, the Green Man went out hunting. But no sooner had he left, than he seemed to have returned. Immediately after, another one came following him, and they looked exactly alike. One said to the other, "Well, young man, you have returned I see." "Yes I have come back," said the other. "Now then, young man, you said you were going to kill me," he said. Then the brother said, "That is what I said," and he killed the man who looked just like him. Then they cleaned out their fireplace and buried him underneath it. After that, they built a fire over his grave so that it was impossible to see that anyone was buried there.

Then he said, "Now we must travel to where the murdered man lived." They made their way to a long lodge, and unexpectedly, it was full of women. There were nine of them, some young, and others whose hair had turned white. There too was a man with a very large stomach. The reason that he was going there was to impersonate the man whom he had killed. He was pretending that he had brought back a new wife. As soon as he entered the lodge he threw his arrows against the back of the lodge, and as soon as they landed they were transformed into four yellow rattlesnakes, who began to rattle and coil around one another. When they settled down, they laid even with one another, although one was almost imperceptibly out of alignment. The old woman who was watching them said, "Oh, one of them is out of line -- maybe this isn't really my son." Then the big bellied man said, "You bad old woman, you are always speaking in a way that embarrasses my younger brother. And you, younger brother, should act differently so that this old woman who constantly watches you doesn't tire me out with her words." Then the man replied, "Of course you're right, older brother." Then he took off his moccasins, tied them together, and tossed them up to the top of the lodge where they transformed into two owls who circled about one another hooting as they flew. And when they stopped they hung there almost exactly even, but the old woman observed, "They do not hang just even -- perhaps this is not really my son." 'What does all this mean?" asked the big bellied man, "that this old woman should keep embarrassing my younger brother. And you, younger brother, why not just toss your things any old way?" "Of course, you are right, older brother," the man replied. And this is just how he handled his leggings when he took them off. Now it was time to eat, and he tried to be careful, eating just the right amount, but he ate a shade too much. The remainder he gave to the large stomached man. The old woman, however, declared, "He has eaten too much -- perhaps he is not really my son." "Oh what a bad woman it is that speaks," said the big bellied one, "she embarrasses my brother over his eating, and you, younger brother, you should not always each just the same amount of food." "You are right, older brother," said the man.

The Green Man took up a bow and an arrow with a large head and went out. He traveled to a tree and rapped on it. It was a large squirrel tree, and when he knocked countless squirrels appeared. He was suppose to kill ten of them, one for each of his wives, and he was suppose to hit each one in the smallest claw of the left paw only. And in fact he did shoot everyone of them just as he was required, except the last, whom he grazed slightly in the nose which left it bloody. He wiped its nose off very thoroughly and put this squirrel in the bottom of the bag so it wouldn't be so noticeable. He came back to the lodge carrying the bag of squirrels. The big bellied man said, "I don't like it when this bad old woman embarrasses my younger brother about everything he does," and took a poker and banged the side of the bag with it repeatedly. The old woman was furious and exclaimed, "You homely, pot bellied one, I am trying to watch over my child and then you do this. You really make me angry." Despite what had been done, she opened the bag and carefully examined each and every one of the squirrels and noticed what had happened to the last of them. "I don't think this is my son," she said, "and you did not do right, you big bellied one." Yet she could prove nothing, since he had pounded on the bag.

That night he laid with each of his wives in turn, and just before daylight he reached the bed of his own sister. She said to him, "Older brother, you have lain on my skirt," but the old woman overheard her. The old woman exclaimed, "What did she say? 'Older brother you have lain on my skirt,' is that what she said?" The young woman denied it, saying, "I never said 'Older brother'." Then the big bellied man interjected: "What an evil it is that spoke before. Now we find that two newlyweds cannot even enjoy their nuptial without this old woman spying on them! This is unheard of. She did not say what you claimed she said." Then the old woman indignantly replied, "You big bellied, homely one that speaks, you scold me for watching over my son, but if you were not doing the same thing then how do you know what she said?" Then she went to the first woman with whom he had lain and asked her, "How was it? Was it really my son?" Then the big bellied man said, "Well, well, look at what we have now. The old woman is running around asking the wives what it is like to sleep with her son. This is incredibly shameful." Then he gave a very hard look to the woman that he first slept with, so that she answered unsteadily, "Well ... well ... yes, I guess it is him." The old woman declared, "You were actually going to say, 'Well, it is not him,' but thanks to that big bellied one, you were not honest." She asked the second woman with whom he had slept the exact same question, but the big bellied man gave her a look that made her think he might jump on her, so she too would not deny that it was the old woman's son who had done it. Each and every one of them reacted the same way.

The old woman said, "Now then, why do I bother with all these questions," then she pulled back a partition and said, "Come out my sisters and find our son." And there, unexpectedly, were two horseflies. They buzzed about then flew out the exit and disappeared. They came right back, but the big bellied man gave them a hard look, so they said, "Well .... this man really is your son." "You homely, big bellied thing," said the old woman, "I try to find out about my child and you made them speak what is not right. But what am I saying? I can track him down for myself." So she grabbed her elkhorn club and headed out the door. "Younger brother, it will be difficult," said the big bellied man, "so you had better find some way to do something." He decided to confuse things by making many of his own tracks leading everywhere. So he went under the earth, and into the heavens, and when he finally returned, he stood between the walls of the lodge. In the meantime, the big bellied man went through all the bundles that the old woman possessed. He came across one that had another bundle inside, so he took it out and opened it, but it too had a bundle inside. After opening several more concentric bundles, he finally came to a small black stone, about the size of a marble. This he kept on his own person. Finally the old woman returned, and when she entered she exclaimed, "You homely, big bellied one, you will die! I tried to watch over my child but you kept interfering. Now you will see!" and she raised her elkhorn club and struck him hard with it. Then she went out to track the impostor, but found herself coming back to the lodge over and over again. Every time she came in, though, she would whack the big bellied man with her club. She did this so often that she finally pounded him into the ground. Now she was getting close to discovering the whereabouts of the Green Man, so the big bellied man decided that now was the time to act, so he said, "Mother! Mother! Look at this -- maybe it's yours!" And unexpectedly he was holding the black stone in his hand. She nervously said, "Well now, my son, why don't you give that back to me? If you do, I will promise always to do just what you say." "Here," he said, but just as she reached for it, he said, "Go to the deepest place in the sea!" and he gave it a good bowl. It rolled on its way to the marine abyss. She ran after it, yelling, "My body! my body!" but it dropped into the deep, and with its loss so too did her life depart.

The big bellied one called out, "Younger brother, come on back. The old woman is dead." Then he returned. "Now then, younger brother," he said, "From the moment that you first came here, I knew you were not my other brother; but he did not do right, so I was glad you came. I shall have you for my younger brother instead and I shall have your sister as my own. Let us live together henceforth. I am no longer good for much, so I will stay home and guard your lodge for you. As to these women who belonged to my other brother, you can do as you want -- you can marry one or more of them as you see fit. Everything here is yours." Then the Green Man thanked him very much and said, "Since I will be out every day on the trail hunting, you will be left behind alone with our sister, which will not look good. So we had better get a man for our sister." "Younger brother," the other replied, "you have spoken well. It is good." From among the women the younger man picked one to keep as a wife, and the rest he set free. Many of them did not even remember where they had come from, but they went home with those who did have a place to which to return. These women were of a very superior character and were loved very much by those they left behind at home. Because these women were thought to be clever, the old woman and her son had taken them for themselves. They were devils, that is why they did it. Sometimes her son would even get killed, but she was able to revive him. They always committed crimes. Even though the big bellied one was more powerful than they were, he would never help them. Therefore he was glad when they both perished, and he loved the man who murdered his brother more than his own brother. The Green Man loved his older brother very much as he had saved his life and his sister also loved him.

The young man hunted a great deal, as the big bellied one liked to eat. He lived at one end of the lodge, the married couple lived at the other, and their sister lived in the center. One morning while the Green Man was out hunting, a man came to visit his sister. She did not receive his attentions well, and turned her back on him. Nevertheless, he teased her, and tossed live coals in her direction. One landed on her ankle, which she brushed off. "It is good," he said, "as it is obvious that you are in love with me." He seized her by her arms, and even though she screamed, he took her away with him. When the young man returned, unexpectedly his sister was gone. He was upset and asked, "Why did she leave?" The big bellied one said, "Oh younger brother, you have to understand that all women do that some time or other. She did need to get married." So the young man accepted what his older brother told him. One day not long afterwards, while the Green Man was out hunting, the same man came back and this time turned his attentions to the young man's wife. He also took her by force. When the Green Man returned, he was surprised to discover that his wife too was missing. The big bellied one said, "Younger brother, this one is trying you. He knows how shameful it is to be killed over a woman, so don't fall for his trap. Women are considered just so many forked sticks, so come over here and sit opposite me." So he did as his brother had bidden him. That next morning the young man ate somewhat less than before, and his brother knew it. "Younger brother, a man does not despair. Take the day off and do not go out hunting -- you will soon feel better." The next day when they ate their morning meal, the older brother could see that he was eating still less that the day before. The big bellied one said, "It is not good, younger brother. You must not be very strong if you are lonesome for women," but the young man replied, "No, older brother, there is nothing wrong with me at all." However, the next morning the young man hardly ate at all. And although his brother had much to say to him, the young man insisted that nothing was wrong. On the fourth morning he ate nothing at all. "What a bad thing you are doing," said the big bellied one, "if you are that weak just pick another forked branch." The Green Man replied, "Just the same, older brother, I will go out." "No, don't," he replied, "I myself will go get a forked branch for you, as there is a whole forest of them out there. Don't do it, for it is a very shameful thing to have trouble over women. People will hear shameful things of us." He spoke like this because he was a good man, and feared to do what was not right; but his younger brother would not listen. "They have harassed me long enough. Now they will find out!" Thus the Green Man spoke.

In order to strengthen himself, he went out looking for food. He went up to a knoll, and dragged out a bear by its hair. He singed it and boiled the meat. He dished it out with branches that grew from the trees in the middle of the lodge. Whenever he broke one of the bones with his teeth, they would sing out. He ate all the meat and drank up all the soup. Then he got ready to leave. He doubled up two bearskins so that their fur was on the outside, and this he wore as his blanket. He took his pipe, and in this costume he looked just like the man who had abducted his women. He kept having second thoughts, and every time that he got up to leave, he would turn around and sit back down. "It would be shameful for me to kill on account of a woman," he would say, and then sit back down. Then he started again, and as he walked, he worked himself into a fury.

As he was walking along, he encountered a small deer. He shouted, "Younger brother, I need to borrow you." So the deer came right up to him. "Younger brother," he said, "I want to borrow your heart, that is why I called you." So he took out the deer's heart and replaced it with a rolled up piece of dirt. It is from this that it is said that deer hearts are so dry and for this reason that deer are so skitterish, for if the ground were to tremble, so too would their hearts. As he went on his way he eventually came to a lake, and there in the middle of it was a white swan. Then he shouted to the swan, "Come over here! My heart is not right and I need it fixed." When the swan came to the shore it was packing a nest of five feathers which contained a human heart. He was suppose to be guarding it, and would never come to the shore. All about the shore guards were posted, and a guard even circled over head. The man pretended to be fixing the heart that he had, but by slight of hand he swapped it for the one in the feather nest. Having done this, he went on.

He soon came to a field which was being watched over by a number of people. Unexpectedly, these people all had broken backs. Much to his surprise, he saw his brother there, groaning with the pain in his back. He went over to the nearby lodge where he found two women. He asked them, "Where is your husband?" One of them replied, "He is out gambling." "Come out here and show me how to get to where they are gambling," he said. "We couldn't do that," they said, "he would kill you and us both." "Don't be afraid of him," the Green Man replied, "I have come to fight him." They told him, "You will never kill him, he cannot be killed by anyone." "Well now," he declared, "I will surely kill him, for I have his death with me." "What do you mean?" they asked incredulously. He showed them the heart he was packing. Then they knew it. He helped them get ready, and all three of them set off together.

They finally came to a long lodge where they were gambling. Kunu, the Green Man, entered with the wives of the man everyone feared so much. There was the Turtle. When he saw Kunu come in, he said, "Here is my friend. You effeminate guys can have your bets back." Then Turtle got up. The man was surprised to see his wives out with another man right in front of him. So he declared, "Well, Kunu, you have decided to defy me. Thus we must fight." Turtle interceded with the remark, "Well, now that my friend is here, we should play these games all over again." The good spirits that were present were Trickster, Turtle, Redhorn, and Hare. They had been losing in the games they were playing. Their opponents were Grasshopper, Wodjidjéga (the Meteor Spirit), One Legged One, Horsefly, and Cricket. Then the man who stole Kunu's women took his wives home, and agreed to play against them just as soon as he could get back.

When he came back, they decided that the first contest would be a race. They were going to run to the ends of the earth and back. In this race, Kunu's side proved victorious. Then they decided to play the game See who can Dive Deepest into the Earth. Wodjidjéga was to play for his side. He ascended into the heavens, then with flames shooting behind him, he dove into the earth with a great crash. He landed very deep in the earth. Then Kunu was to be the player for the other side. The Green Man just stood there, as very gradually he began to sink into the ground just as if it were quick sand. Soon he had sunk deeper that even the Meteor Spirit. Thus Kunu won for his side. Then they ran another foot race, and this Kunu won as well. In the fourth contest, he had won back half the things that they had bet. Therefore, in the fifth contest, all that remained was at stake. Then they agreed to play Jump. They went to a hill so high it seemed to touch the sky. It was this hill they were going to jump over. Then they decided who the contestants would be: the players for one side would be Hare and Kunu, and for the other it would be Wodjidjéga and Grasshopper. Turtle declared, "Your side can go first." They said, "All right." Then Grasshopper started off. He was going along perfectly and was about to reach the summit of the hill, when he suddenly felt a cramp in his stomach, and fell back. It was Trickster who did it. He had shot raccoon liver at him, and this is what knocked him off course. When Turtle saw this, he patted his mouth and gave a war whoop, but all he was willing to do was cheer for them. Kunu was to go next. As he jumped he caused a fine mist to fall in his course. The other side shot all kinds of things at him, but it had no effect, and Kunu disappeared over the other side of the hill. Then it was Wodjidjéga's turn. As he jumped he streaked fire through the air, but Trickster hit him with raccoon liver as well, and Wodjidjéga fell back down. Then it was Hare's turn. When he jumped they lost sight of him, until finally they could see him as he passed over the top of the hill. He made a great noise when he landed on the other side. They came back from the other side of the hill, and said, "Well now, that is all."

The man who had stolen the Green Man's women from him had also taken away all the things of the earth from everyone else. He had captured all the plants and fruits, and all the trees that contain syrup. Some contained sugar in syrup form, others in granular form. All these things he won from the people and kept them for himself. Not only that, but he was killing people as well. Then the man who lost said, "Well at least I know that you will not be able to take my life from me, whatever else you may have won back. If you do try to attack me, it will avail you nothing, for no one has my death: I am impossible to kill. How could you kill me? You don't possess the means." Then Kunu, the Green Man, said to him, "I came here to kill you because you harassed me." "Yes, and I harassed you so that I could kill you," said the other. "I did it to spite you, since you think you are so great," he added. "As you will," he replied, and took out the man's heart. "What do you have there, Kunu?" the man asked. Then the Green Man showed him the heart. "Ah, Kunu," the man replied, "let me have it back." Then Turtle said, "My friend, give it to me, and I'll take care of it," so Kunu gave it to Turtle. Turtle tore it open with his claws. This made the man cry, and when it split apart, he disintegrated into a hoard of crickets. Thus they killed him. It is for this reason that crickets weep during Watadjoxhiwira, the moon of Roasted Ears, inasmuch as they were once in charge of the green things of the earth, and they announce when the greens are ripe. Then Hare said of Kunu and the others, "It was a bad spirit that had charge of these things, but you have defeated him. You have saved the people from much suffering. It is good." While they were consecrating their victory with words, Trickster felt the call of nature, and went over to a maple tree and urinated on it. It had been one of the trees that had granulated sugar in it, but after Trickster was done, it had all melted and turned to syrup. Thus it is with all such trees even to this day. Trickster felt bad and said, "I have not done right." Hare said, "Never mind, now the people can work for the sugar, and they can have it as they would like it henceforth."

Kunu headed back to where he had seen his younger brother. There he also found his sister watching the field, and she too had a broken back. He took time to make bread of the green maize. Then he took the loaves and hung them up. He moved his brother under one of them and told him to take a bite of it. As he strained to reach it, his brother sang for him. He kept straining until finally his back straightened up. Then he got up and danced. "Kunu," he said, "it is indeed good! Let's do it that way for all of them." So they did it, and everyone's back was straightened. They were all very thankful. These were all people of importance. All the things that were lost in gambling, they now reclaimed and spread them over the face of the earth. Now we have access to them at will.

Then Kunu told them, "I was created for a purpose, and I came here to free the people from those things who were abusing them. Now I shall go home, and there I shall sit still for as long as the earth endures." Kunu, the Green Man, was the chief of the Black Rocks. And his younger brother said, "I will remain among the green fields." He was the first one to steam corn in the ground with hot rocks. He was the spirit of the pit in which this is done. Kunu thanked him, and said, "It is good. It is the same as if we were ever together, as my body shall ever be used for this." Thus it is that they use the black rocks to steam corn in the pits. Since their sister said she would like to remain near them, they made her into corn silk. Then Trickster, Turtle, Redhorn, and Hare thanked them for all they had done. Afterwards, each went to their own homes. They were thankful because their opponent had no heart and could not be killed. Also Grasshopper was a giant being then, and very abusive to people, but because he was defeated he became small and has never amounted to anything. Since One Legged One and the Meteor Spirit were both defeated, it is said that they have nothing to do on this earth any longer. [1]

Commentary. "his sister" -- in the corresponding waikâra, e.g., "The Children of the Sun" and "The Twins Retrieve Redstar's Head", the sister is the deity Moon. At the end of this story she is said to be corn silk, which suggests a lunar identity for corn silk.

"the man was completely tco (blue/green) all over, from head to toe" -- the Green Man is one and the same as Bluehorn. The initial episode is exactly the same as that found in the "Children of the Sun" and in "The Twins Retrieve Red Star's Head". The character who plays the exact role of Green Man is in both cases Bluehorn (= Red Star = Evening Star). The colors green and blue are both denoted by the same Hotcâk word, tco. The only reason why "Green Man" was preferred in this story over Radin's "Blue Man," is that it better reflects the intended associations with the green husks of corn.

"a man who looks exactly like me in every way" -- in the corresponding myths, this man is Morning Star, the exact image of Evening Star, the tco-man. In this story, the Green Man is the Chief of the Black Rocks, and is therefore to be considered a black rock himself, precisely the sort used to generate the steam in the corn roasting pit. His opponent turns out to be Cricket, which, as a completely black insect, is the image of the black rock. This would mean that Cricket is Morning Star. For more on Cricket and Morning Star, see below under "Cricket".

"he did not sit in his usual place" -- this is Morning Star, who has come to sit at the fireplace (sun), a situation that portrays conjunction with the sun. When Evening Star is "out", that is, in the sky, then Morning Star is (thought to be) in conjunction, and vice-versa. There are times when neither is in the sky, the times that we now call "superior conjunction" (51 days) and "inferior conjunction" (8 days). The time being portrayed in this episode is that after superior conjunction, when Evening Star can be seen in the sky, but Morning Star is absent. Morning Star is always nearby the sun in the east, whereas Evening Star is always near the sun in the west, so they do not "sit" in the same spots in relation to the central "fire" of the lodge. In fact they sit opposite one another, and in Hotcâk "opposite", especially in the context of the lodge fire, connotes "counterpart". These two are the ultimate counterparts, since they are identical.

"stone" -- in taking a sweat bath, a hot stone was placed in the source of water to create steam. This is why the Green Man's doppelgänger needed a hot stone for his sweat bath. Since Red Star (Green Man) is the heating stone of the corn roasting pit, the sweat bath would naturally seem to be an image of this roasting pit, in which case Red Star is the stone of the sweat bath. This stone is heated red hot in the fire, a perfect description of the Red Star in conjunction with the sun. Further in line with this analogy is the fact that the Evening Star follows after the sun in setting in the Ocean Sea at the edge of the world, the land of the Waterspirits, of which he is one. In creating a sweat bath the stone parts from the fireplace only to "set" in the pot of water in the steam bath hut. Lodges are often homologous to the cosmic vault under which Red Star sets.

"she burned her hands" -- his sister is the corn silk, so naturally she has her hands burned by the stone. Wherever the corn silk that may be found in the roasting pit comes into contact with the heating stone, it will be burned.

"he didn't even take the sweat bath" -- the doppelgänger of Evening Star is Morning Star. The return of the Morning Star to the fireplace is its conjunction with the sun. However, Morning Star, unlike Evening Star, does not set in the Ocean Sea. The Evening Star appears in the western sky, then sets in the waters; with the Morning Star it's reversed: it rises out of the waters and "sets" in the sky after the sun rises. If we take the red hot stone to be Evening Star as it leaves the fire (sun) and ascends once more into the sky, an image reduplicated by Evening Star going out on the hunt, then Morning Star would be in conjunction with the sun, since it is not visible in the sky. Therefore, Morning Star remains with the fire which Evening Star left. Morning Star is not seen to set in the waters and therefore does not take a steam bath. As Cricket, he does not introduce himself into the corn roasting pit, so in this form he also does not take a steam bath.

"horseflies" -- the old woman, whose son Green Man tries to impersonate, has horseflies for sisters. When the Green Man contests those abusing the people, one of his opponents is Horsefly (q.v.).

"the black stone" -- the woman whose son he impersonates keeps her soul in a small black rock, the very thing over which Green Man is ruler. Black rocks, especially hot black rocks, are normally associated with the Thunderbirds. In How the Thunders Met the Nights, two Thunderbirds swallow black stones which keep them warm during the cold brought on by the Nightspirits. The Thunders are said to shoot lightning from their eyes in the form of stones, so the association of the black stone seems to be with lightning, perhaps because obsidian and flint are especially known for producing sparks. A woman, therefore, who has a black stone as the seat of her life (soul), would on the face of it seem to have connections to the Thunderbirds.

"broken backs" -- this is an allegorical description of the buffalo, an animal which appears to have a broken spine at his shoulders [see inset]. We learn from another story (q.v.), that Bluehorn is chief over the buffalo even though he is a Waterspirit. These buffalo are stars, and Bluehorn, as Evening Star, is their chief because he is the brightest star in the heavens when he is in the sky. The other stars are buffalo because they are like a vast herd traveling across the flat plain of the night sky, just as buffalo traverse the plains here on earth. (For more on this, see the Commentary to "Bluehorn Rescues His Sister".) That the buffalo are stars, might mean that the field over which the broken backed people preside is the celestial vault of the night sky. On the other hand, since the stars set into the underworld, the field might represent the subterranean plain that they traverse during the day. In the maize code, the field would be the base of the roasting pit, which is a metaphorical "field" by virtue of having the corn crop in it. In the inverted subterranean world, the floor of the roasting pit would be the counterpart to the celestial vault of the night sky. As suggested below, Big Bellied One presides over both the night sky and the roasting pit.

"he saw his brother there" -- as we learn at the end of the myth, his brother, Big Bellied One, is the pit in which the corn is roasted. The fruit of the corn field is put into him, so it is said at the conclusion, "and his younger brother said that he would remain among the green fields". The pit is like a green field since it contains the corn, including husks and cornsilk. In the astronomical code, Big Bellied One contains both the Green Man (Evening Star), who is the black rock heated to roast corn, and the latter's sister, who is Moon, here identified with cornsilk. It would certainly seem, therefore, that he must be the night sky. Yet he is said to be one of the broken backed people in the field. As buffalo, they are identical with "stars" in the broadest sense of the term. In Hotcâk the operative term is wi, "luminary". The sun is hâp-wira, "the day luminary"; the moon is hâhe-wira, "the night luminary". The word for stars, wiragocge, uses wira as its stem. Given that the night sky is dotted with stars and the moon, it too could be considered a luminary. It sets in the earth along with its stars. So on this way of looking at it, it could be seen as a buffalo in its own right, and therefore one of the broken backed people presiding over the field.

"One Legged One" -- this is an avatar of Herecgúnina himself, the Hotcâk Devil. He was the first man created by Earthmaker, and became one legged because his legs had fused together, or because one of them had broken off. Because his creation was defective, Earthmaker cast him away. See One Legged One.

"Horsefly" -- this insect, which we have encountered above, is a member of the family Tabanidae. The horsefly (tcotcûx´) pictured in the inset is a female Tabanus trijunctus. The male horsefly feeds on nectar, but the female of this fly uses large pincer mandibles to scissor into mammalian flesh and feast on the blood that wells up. The bites are quite painful, so it is not surprising that Horsefly is counted among the Bad Spirits. A description of an attack by this fly illustrates just how bad a spirit it is:

Suddenly the black bullet is circling, spinning, buzzing, and bearing its hideous blood-sucking fangs. Do horseflies have fangs? Surely not! But the fat man isn’t taking any chances. He flails his hands about like he’s having a seizure, trying to ward off the bug. The bug, crafty and quick, speeds around behind him. Boom! It lands on the back of his shirt. Boom! It lands on his head. Boom! It lands on his face. Now the fat man is screaming like a girl. He climbs onto his bike and speeds off down the trail. The adrenaline pumping through his body turns him into Lance Armstrong. How fast is he going? 20mph? 30? 150? The world is a blur of trees and shadows and gravel dust. His wife falls behind, unable to keep up. The horsefly keeps up fine, propelling itself at supersonic speeds. Boom! It lands on his arms. Boom! It lands on his head. Boom! It lands on his face. He swipes at the bug every time it lands, but the bug is too quick for him. This deranged ballet goes on for over two miles. Two miles! That’s roughly twelve minutes during which this giant bug is crawling on him, biting him, and basically having its way with him. Disgusting! When it’s over, he is so exhausted he thinks he’s having a heart attack. Here lies Fat Man: Hassled to death by a bug. Finally, he bursts out from beneath the dark canopy of trees and into the sunlight, where the bug dares not follow. Freedom at last! But his freedom is little consolation, since he has completely lost his mind. Still screaming, he climbs off his bike and picks it up over his head. “Come get some!” he screams at the bug, which is no longer anywhere to be found. [2]

Although mentioned among the spirits aligned against Green Man as his allies, Horsefly seems in this variant to have no role in the competition. Apparently the competition at which he excells and the Good Spirit against whom he is aligned have been omitted, although other tellings of this story could be expected to contain such an episode.

"Cricket" -- it turns out from what is said further on that Cricket is one and the same as Green Man's primary opponent, the man whose two wives he has brought with him. This opponent, as we first noted aove, is Morning Star, the stellar enemy of Green Man as Evening Star (Red Star). The cricket is the insect equivalent of the black stone, over whom Green Man is chief. Crickets are nocturnal, which is to say, that like stars, they "come out at night". Very important in astronoimcal codes is the Hotcâk symbolic convention of using noise to symbolize light. The cricket is the noisest of all insects just as Morning Star is the brightest of all stars. However, for most of its life the cricket lies buried in the earth, then suddenly appears in "song". This is very much like the rising of the Morning Star, which appears to come out of the ground adn separaate itself from the sun. It suddenly appears after being unseen, then shines with unrivaled brilliance (here expressed as the sudden, noisey weeping of the crickets).

Another feature of the cricket is the black spikes that run up and down one side of his legs. This may be part of the explanation for the strange anatomy found in Red Star, the Twins, and their mirror image opponent. These are the flint knives that run down their arms, a mysteious and exotic piece of anatomy. The flint can gleam in the right light, but when struck against itself, as the cricket does when it creates its "weeping", it sparks and emits light.

"he had sunk deeper that even the Meteor Spirit" -- this is because the Green Man is the Evening Star, who sets very gradually, but sinks deep below the surface of the earth just as do the stars who accompany him in his journey below the western horizon. Meteors, in contrast, merely dig a crater on the surface of the earth.

"foot race" -- the Green Man (Bluehorn) as Evening Star has a reputation for fleetness of foot, as it says here,

(32) And he [Evening Star] came running home, he even knocked all the trees down in his path, it is said. So they told him to come slower, so he stopped and the wind became calmer. ... (40) The second to the youngest said, "Grandfather! the Red (41) Star blessed me with fleetness," he said. "Hohó grandson, it is quite fair ..." [3]

Evening Star is slightly faster than other stars, since as a planet ("wanderer") he moves through the stars, which appear fixed relative to his own motion.

"raccoon liver" -- Trickster shoots his opponents with raccoon liver when they are playing Jump. Trickster has a strong association with the raccoon, which is a trickster type of animal, particularly noted for leading people astray. The symbolism of the liver, however, is less clear. The narrative seems to suggest that eating raccoon liver leads to stomach cramps, and that may be why contact with it is debilitating to those spirits.

"mist" -- it might seem as if the Green Man has some associations with the Thunderbirds, since having an accompanying mist which followed him as he jumped over the hill, is a characteristic of Thunderbirds. All this might make it seem unlikely that he is to be identified with Bluehorn, who is among other things, a Waterspirit, the very opposite of a Thunderbird. Although blue is normally associated with Waterspirits, it is also associated with lightning and fire. It is said variously that blue is the color of Eagle or of Hawk (Wonághire Wâkcik) in their Thunderbird forms. On the other hand, the mist trailed by Green Man comports with the geysers said to be ejected upwards by Waterspirits, especially on occasions in which they are engaged in fighting Thunderbirds. That the woman has her soul in a black stone and is an adversary of Green Man, may make her rather more identifiable with Thunders, and Green Man therefore more aligned with Waterspirits. That he is chief of the black stones is clearly derived from their use in sweat baths and most especially in their use in the cooking of corn by steam. In this role he is the cause of the upward flow of steam, a state of water, and therefore a product appropriately associated with Waterspirits. This is the "mist" with which he is most clearly associated. His black stones generate clouds, whereas the black stones of the Thunders are generated by clouds.

"Kunu disappeared over the other side of the hill" -- as Evening Star, he will suddenly appear in the sky once the sun's light has diminished sufficiently. It is as though he had jumped into position unseen. This configuration is inverted in the roasting pit, where the floor is the counterpart to the ceiling. The heated stone with which he is identified, is dropped to the bottom of the pit, then a mountain of corn and husks is piled atop him, all of which is buried under a veneer of earth, so that the "ceiling" is on the bottom and the earth is on the top, an image of the subterranean celestial sphere. After the stone "jumps" into place, and the inverted hill is made with the corn, water is poured in. This generates steam, the "mist" referred to above.

"they announce when the greens are ripe" -- crickets hatch at about the same time that corn is planted, and in three months they reach maturity.  So they hatch in the month of Mâ´îna'û´wirá, "the Cultivating Moon"; then they become nymphs in the month of Waxodjráwirá, "the Corn Tasseling Moon"; after which they reach maturity during Watadjoxhíwirá, "the Corn Popping Moon," just when the green corn becomes ripe (see the lists of Hotcâk moons).  As soon as they are mature, the males make chirping sounds to attract mates. So their life cycle corresponds to that of the green things of the growing season, especially the staple crop of maize. As a contemporary scientist observes,

The synchrony of season and advent of maturity is one of the universal wonders of nature. One day the crickets are mute nymphs; then, as if by some agreed-upon signal cued by the season, they all molt, become adults, and celebrate the occasion in song. [4]

However, in the Hotcâk imagination, they do not sing or celebrate, but weep for the lost of their once formidable power.

"syrup" -- of course, the paradigm of such trees is the maple. The word for syrup is daniju zizip, "watery sugar". The word for the maple tree which contains the daniju zizip, is nâsâk, "pure wood". The sugar used to be the opposite of zizip (watery), which is to say dry, which in Hotcâk is sak. So the maple tree was once a dry wood, nâsak, but after Trickster urinated on it, it became nâsâk, ironically "pure", but in the same token, it was no longer dry, and its contents became zizip. Daniju and danihu, "pipe", form a strong assonance, and the danihu zizip used was Trickster's penis. The difference between dani-hu (literally "tobacco stem") and dani-ju, is the word ju, which fittingly means "precipitation".

"younger brother" -- some confusion arises in reading this story from the fact that Big Bellied One was referred to by Green Man as "older brother", but this was only when he was pretending to be Big Belly's assasinated younger brother, or at least half-brother. At the end of the myth, the narrative begins to refer to Green Man as Kunu, which means "eldest born male." This means that in fact he is the first born in his family and therefore the oldest brother. Thus the younger brother referred to in the conclusion of the myth is one and the same as Big Bellied One. This explains why he is big bellied: the younger brother is the spirit of the pit into which the corn is steamed. This is his giant "belly" and what is put into is indeed an enormous amount of food.

Comparative Material. The story of the Green/Blue Man has convergences with the Ioway-Oto story (see Ioway and Oto) that is otherwise more like a version of the closely related Spirit of Gambling story (qv). As in the Spirit of Gambling, Hare leads a group of good spirits to contest the bad spirit, Muskrat, who has hoarded everything belonging to humanity. They win back everything eventually. Hare presents himself to Muskrat's wife as her husband, and although she is at first skeptical, Hare eventually persuades her. He sleeps with her, then wheedles out of her the secret of where Muskrat has hidden his heart. Finally, Hare determines to neutralize Muskrat completely, so he goes in search of his external heart. Along the way he runs into Beaver whom he persuades to lend him his heart and one of his teeth. In time, Hare reaches the lake in the middle of which Muskrat has hidden his heart. It is guarded by Loon. Hare presents himself as Muskrat and eventually overcomes Loon's skepticism. He induces Loon to give him the heart, since he has felt some cardiac complaints recently. He quickly switches it and carts it off to the lodge of Muskrat's wife, where he cuts it into strips and burns them up completely. Then he returns to Muskrat and tells him what he has done. He condemns Muskrat to lose his soul and to be merely what muskrats are today. [5]

Bogoras gives a story plot common to both the American http://johnplaceonline.com/achieve-balance/the-top-4-lessons-i-learned-from-a-horsefly-attack/ho.GlossaryIndianNations.html#anchor99445810">Eskimo and the Siberian Chukchees that follows the basic story line of Green Man. "A woman is carried away by a mighty being. Her husband, or sometimes her brother, goes in search of her, and, after various adventures, comes to the land of the aggressor. He is offered a trial of strength, comes out as the victor, and carries back his wife or sister." [6]

Links: Rock Spirits, Maize, Bluehorn, Hare, Trickster, Redhorn, Turtle, The Meteor Spirit, One Legged One, The Sons of Earthmaker, Swans, Grasshoppers, Raccoons, Snakes.

Stories: mentioning Rock Spirits: The Big Stone, The Creation of the World, The Commandments of Earthmaker, The Seer, The Roaster, Wodjidjé, The Raccoon Coat, The Medicine Rite Foundation Myth, Hare Secures the Creation Lodge, Baldheaded Warclub Origin Myth, Hare Kills Flint, Spear Shaft and Lacrosse, He Who Eats the Stinking Part of the Deer Ankle; Black Rock Spirits: Baldheaded Warclub Origin Myth; featuring Wodjidjéga (The Meteor Spirit) as a character: The Roaster, Wodjidjé, The Raccoon Coat; with Bluehorn (Evening Star) as a character: Bluehorn's Nephews, The Twins Retrieve Red Star's Head, Children of the Sun, Bluehorn Rescues His Sister, Grandfather's Two Families, The Man with Two Heads, Sun and the Big Eater, Brave Man (?); featuring Hare as a character: The Hare Cycle, Medicine Rite Foundation Myth, The Mission of the Five Sons of Earthmaker, Hare and the Grasshoppers, The Spirit of Gambling, The Red Man, Maize Origin Myth; featuring Trickster as a character: The Trickster Cycle, Trickster Gets Pregnant, Trickster's Warpath, Trickster's Anus Guards the Ducks, Lake Winnebago Origin Myth, The Mission of the Five Sons of Earthmaker, Baldheaded Warclub Origin Myth, Trickster Soils the Princess, Trickster, the Wolf, the Turtle, and the Meadow Lark, Soft Shelled Turtle Gets Married, The Medicine Rite Foundation Myth, Trickster Concludes His Mission, The Abduction and Rescue of Trickster, The Elk's Skull, Trickster and the Mothers, The Markings on the Moon, The Spirit of Gambling, The Woman who Became an Ant, The Red Man, Trickster Takes Little Fox for a Ride, Trickster Loses His Meal, Trickster's Tail, A Mink Tricks Trickster, Trickster's Penis, Trickster Loses Most of His Penis, The Scenting Contest, The Bungling Host, Mink Soils the Princess, Trickster and the Children, Trickster and the Eagle, Trickster and the Geese, Trickster and the Dancers, Trickster and the Honey, Trickster's Adventures in the Ocean, The Pointing Man, Trickster's Buffalo Hunt, Trickster Eats the Laxative Bulb, Trickster Visits His Family, The Coughing Up of the Black Hawks, The Petition to Earthmaker, Warughápara, Hare Secures the Creation Lodge; featuring One Legged One as a character: The Creation of Man (v. 2), The Woman Who Became an Ant, Bladder and His Brothers (in v. 2 as Wareksankeka), cf. The Spirit of Gambling; featuring Turtle as a character: The Mission of the Five Sons of Earthmaker, Turtle's Warparty, Turtle and the Giant, Spear Shaft and Lacrosse, Soft Shelled Turtle Gets Married, Turtle and the Merchant, Redhorn's Father, Redhorn's Sons, Turtle and the Witches, The Baldheaded Warclub Origin Myth, Trickster Soils the Princess, Morning Star and His Friend, Grandfather's Two Families, The Race for the Chief's Daughter, Kunu's Warpath, Redhorn Contests the Giants, Redhorn and His Brothers Marry, The Skunk Origin Myth, The Hotcâk Migration Myth, Porcupine and His Brothers, The Creation of Man, The Twins Join Redhorn's Warparty, The Father of the Twins Attempts to Flee, The Chief of the Herok'a, The Spirit of Gambling, The Mulberry Picker, Hare Secures the Creation Lodge, The Markings on the Moon (v. 2), The Hotcâgara Contest the Giants, The Medicine Rite Foundation Myth, The Coughing Up of the Black Hawks, The Petition to Earthmaker, The Origins of the Milky Way; mentioning Redhorn: The Redhorn Cycle, Redhorn's Sons, Îtcorúcika and His Brothers, The Mission of the Five Sons of Earthmaker, Redhorn's Father, Baldheaded Warclub Origin Myth, The Twins Join Redhorn's Warparty, The Medicine Rite Foundation Myth, Morning Star and His Friend, The Spirit of Gambling, The Hotcâgara Contest the Giants, cp. The Cosmic Ages of the Hotcâgara, Herok'a, Redman; having characters who are fat: Sun and the Big Eater, Grandfather's Two Families; mentioning people with broken backs: The Raccoon Coat, Bluehorn Rescues His Sister; in which owls are mentioned: Owl Goes Hunting, Crane and His Brothers, The Spirit of Gambling, He Who Eats the Stinking Part of the Deer Ankle, The Chief of the Herok'a, Partridge's Older Brother, Warughápara, Wears White Feathers on His Head, Keramanic'aka's Blessing, Old Man and White Feathers, The Annihilation of the Hotcâgara I; mentioning snakes: The First Snakes, The Woman who Married a Snake, Blessing of the Yellow Snake Chief, Snake Clan Origins, The Omahas who turned into Snakes, A Snake Song Origin Myth, The Medicine Rite Foundation Myth, The Twins Disobey Their Father, The Two Boys, Wears White Feathers on His Head, Creation of the World (vv. 2, 3, 4), The Twins Retrieve Red Star's Head, Warughápara, Holy One and His Brother, The Man who was Blessed by the Sun, The Warbundle of the Eight Generations, Turtle and the Merchant, The Lost Blanket, The Shell Anklets Origin Myth; about Bird Spirits: Crane and His Brothers, The King Bird, Bird Origin Myth, Wears White Feathers on His Head, Old Man and White Feathers, The Boy who was Captured by the Bad Thunderbirds, The Thunderbird, The Boy Who Became a Robin, Partridge's Older Brother, The Woman who Loved Her Half-Brother, The Foolish Hunter, Ocean Duck, Earthmaker Sends Rucewe to the Twins, The Quail Hunter, Baldheaded Warclub Origin Myth, The Hotcâk Arrival Myth, Trickster Gets Pregnant, Trickster and the Geese, Holy One and His Brother (blackbirds, woodpeckers, hawks), Porcupine and His Brothers (Ocean Sucker), Turtle's Warparty (Thunderbirds, eagles, kaghi, pelicans, sparrows), The Dipper (Thunderbirds, kingfishers, hummingbirds, black hawks), Kaghíga and Lone Man (kaghi), The Old Man and the Giants (kaghi, bluebirds), The Bungling Host (snipe, woodpecker), The Red Feather, Eagle Clan Origin Myth, Trickster, the Wolf, the Turtle, and the Meadow Lark, Warughápara, The Race for the Chief's Daughter, Black and White Moons, The Markings on the Moon, The Creation Council, He Who Eats the Stinking Part of the Deer Ankle, Earthmaker Blesses Wagícega (Wecgícega), Hare Acquires His Arrows, Hotcâk Clans Origin Myth, Wonághire Wâkcik Clan Origin Myth, The Hotcâk Migration Myth, Blue Jay, The Baldness of the Buzzard, The Abduction and Rescue of Trickster (turkey buzzard), The Shaggy Man (blackbirds), The Medicine Rite Foundation Myth (blackbirds), Spear Shaft and Lacrosse, Îtcorúcika and His Brothers (Loon), Great Walker's Medicine (loon), Roaster (woodsplitter), The Spirit of Gambling, The Big Stone (a partridge), Trickster's Anus Guards the Ducks, The Journey to Spiritland (v. 4) -- see also Thunderbirds, and the sources cited there; mentioning swans: The Messengers of Hare, The Twins Retrieve Red Star's Head; featuring deer as characters: Deer Clan Origin Myth, Little Fox and the Ghost, Porcupine and His Brothers, Wolves and Humans, The Resurrection of the Chief's Daughter, Trickster's Tail, Fireman's Brother, cf. The Race for the Chief's Daughter; having grasshoppers as characters: Hare and the Grasshoppers, Hare Acquires His Arrows; mentioning livers: White Wolf (deer), Warughápara; mentioning deer hearts: A Man's Revenge; about maize (corn): Maize Origin Myth, Maize Comes to the Hotcâgara, The Medicine Rite Foundation Myth, Grandmother's Gift; mentioning teeth: The Animal who would Eat Men, Hare Recruits Game Animals for Humans, Hare and the Dangerous Frog, The Girl who Refused a Blessing from the Wood Spirits, The Two Boys, The Birth of the Twins, The Twins Disobey Their Father, Wears White Feathers on His Head, The Dipper, Wolves and Humans, The Commandments of Earthmaker, The Children of the Sun, Holy One and His Brother, Partridge's Older Brother, The Brown Squirrel, Hare Secures the Creation Lodge of the Medicine Rite, The Medicine Rite Foundation Myth, East Shakes the Messenger, Lifting Up the Bear Heads, White Wolf, Buffalo Clan Origin Myth; mentioning sweat lodges or sweat baths: The Twins Get into Hot Water, The Lost Blanket, Bladder and His Brothers, v. 1, Hare Establishes Bear Hunting, Hare Recruits Game Animals for Humans, The Thunderbird, Snowshoe Strings, Warughápara, The Red Man, The Chief of the Herok'a, The Birth of the Twins, v.2, Lifting Up the Bear Heads, The King Bird, The Human Head, He Who Eats the Stinking Part of the Deer Ankle, White Wolf, The Shaggy Man, Soft Shelled Turtle Gets Married, The Dipper, The Two Boys, The Medicine Rite Foundation Myth, v. 2, The Cave of Herok'a.

The episode of the visit of the doppelgänger is very similar to The Children of the Sun.

Themes: a brother and sister live alone together: The Twins Retrieve Red Star's Head, The Mulberry Picker; two people look (almost) exactly alike: The Twins Retrieve Red Star's Head, The Children of the Sun, How the Thunders Met the Nights, Redhorn's Father, Big Eagle Cave Mystery; violating the prohibitions laid down by an elder brother leads to disaster: White Wolf, Bladder and His Brothers (v. 3), The Twins Retrieve Red Star's Head, The Children of the Sun; a (magical) round, black stone: How the Thunders Met the Nights, Spear Shaft and Lacrosse, The Dipper, Partridge's Older Brother; an evil woman goes on the rampage with an elkhorn club: The Quail Hunter; someone tries to throw an adversary off his track by making countless tracks leading everywhere: Crane and His Brothers, Hare Kills Wildcat, v. 2; a spirit being cannot be killed because his death lies outside his body: Ocean Duck, Partridge's Older Brother; a being is vulnerable in a highly unusual way: River Child and the Waterspirit of Devil's Lake, Snowshoe Strings, Partridge's Older Brother, The Dipper, The Twins Retrieve Red Star's Head, The Shawnee Prophet and His Ascension; a man kills an adversary by getting rid of the external object that serves as the seat of the adversary's soul: The Raccoon Coat, Ocean Duck; someone kills his own kinsman: The Chief of the Herok'a (wife), The Red Man (wife), Worúxega (wife), Bluehorn's Nephews (mother), Warughápara (mother), Partridge's Older Brother (sister), The Woman who Loved Her Half-Brother (sister), The Were-Grizzly (sister), Crane and His Brothers (brothers), White Wolf (brother), The Diving Contest (brother), The Twins Get into Hot Water (grandfather), The Birth of the Twins (daughter-in-law), The Woman's Scalp Medicine Bundle (daughter-in-law), Snowshoe Strings (father-in-law); dragging a bear to the kill by his hair: Bear Offers Himself as Food, How the Thunders Met the Nights; an organ of the body is removed and left somewhere (for safekeeping): Ocean Duck (heart), The Stone Heart (heart); The Raccoon Coat (heart), Hare Kills Wildcat (an eye); someone is abducted and led off into captivity: The Captive Boys, A Man's Revenge, Bluehorn's Nephews, Wears White Feathers on His Head, Îtcorúcika and His Brothers, Bird Clan Origin Myth, The Man Whose Wife was Captured, Bladder and His Brothers, The Boy who was Captured by the Bad Thunderbirds, Bluehorn Rescues His Sister, The Boy who was Blessed by a Mountain Lion, Brave Man, The Chief of the Herok'a, Cûgepaga, Hare Gets Swallowed, The Raccoon Coat, Wodjidjé, Wolves and Humans, The Woman Who Became an Ant, Thunderbird and White Horse, The Boy who Flew, Testing the Slave; polygamy: Bladder and His Brothers (v. 2), The Daughter-in-Law's Jealousy, Wazûka, Bluehorn's Nephews, The Markings on the Moon, Redhorn's Sons, The Sons of Redhorn Find Their Father, Hare Kills Sharp Elbow, Hare Gets Swallowed, Bluehorn Rescues His Sister, The Spirit of Gambling; prisoners have their bones broken by their captors: The Raccoon Coat, Old Man and White Feathers; racing to the end of the world and back: Old Man and White Feathers, Spear Shaft and Lacrosse, The Roaster, Young Man Gambles Often, Sun and the Big Eater, The Big Eater; good and bad spirits play the game, See who can Dive Deepest into the Earth: The Roaster; in an athletic competition, one side throws objects at the other to impede their progress: Old Man and White Feathers, Sun and the Big Eater; Trickster wins a contest by cheating: The Spirit of Gambling, The Scenting Contest; an evil spirit wins everything that humanity owns and keeps it to himself until he is defeated by a coalition of good spirits: The Spirit of Gambling; men fight one another over women: men fight one another over women: Iron Staff and His Companions, A Man's Revenge, The Man Whose Wife was Captured, Bluehorn Rescues His Sister; good spirits rescue women held by an evil spirit: Hare Gets Swallowed, The Spirit of Gambling, Iron Staff and His Companions; when a bad spirit is killed, his body disintegrates into a myriad of insects: Hare Kills a Man with a Cane (ants); a small animal was once dangerous, but was rendered innocuous in primordial times: Hare and the Dangerous Frog, The War among the Animals (mouse), The Two Boys.

Notes:

[1] Paul Radin, "The Blue Man," Winnebago Notebooks (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society) Notebook 55; Paul Radin, (untitled), Winnebago Notebooks, Freeman #3858 (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society) Winnebago IV, #5, pp. 4-16.

[2] John Place online: Life Lessons in the Real World.

[3] Paul Radin, "Morning Star (Wiragocge Xetera)," Winnebago Notebooks (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society Library) Notebook 8, pp. 32, 40-41.

[4] Vincent G. Dethier, Crickets and Katydids, Concerts and Solos (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992) 10.

[5] Francis Gale LaFlesche, Rabbit Frees the People from Muskrat, translation by Jimm G. Goodtracks, with notes on Ioway - Otoe - Missouria Traditional Stories. From the Ioway Website. Ten Ioway-Oto stories known to Francis Gale (1826-1909) were recorded by James Owen Dorsey and are presently in the Smithsonian's collection.

[6] Waldemar Bogoras, "The Folklore of Northeastern Asia, as Compared with That of Northwestern America," American Anthropologist, New Series, 4, #4 (Oct. - Dec., 1902): 577-683 [605].