Hotchank hit’é
The Winnebago Language
Obtained from David StCyr,
at Winnebago Agency, Thurston Co.,
Nebraska, Aug 31 and Sept. 1-3, 1889,
and from John Michel StCyr, then in Washington, 1890. 1891.
by
Albert S. Gatschet
|
| Albert Gatschet |
Table of Contents
Background Material
Dorsey's Cover Letter to Henshaw
Mention of the Winnebago in St. Peet, American Antiquities
Gatschet's Prospective Informants
Word Lists
Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles
Nations, Tribes, and Ethnic Groups
Grammar
Verbs
Verbs and Forms Derived from Verbs
Verbs with Qualifiers of Situation
Pronouns
Comparative Material
Notes
Background Material
BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY
WASHINGTON, D. C. Jan. 13/92
Dear Mr. Henshaw:
I have examined (as far as I could without collating with my own Winnebago dictionary-slips) the Winnebago MS. of Mr. Gatschet, and I believe that it is one which ought to belong to the Bureau of Ethnology. His Winnebago myth is the only text that I have seen besides the letter in my collection. I find little trouble in reading intelligently what he has recorded in this MS.
Yours,
J. Owen Dorsey
There are about 3000 Winnebagos speaking the language, most are in Wisconsin, farming near LaCrosse, Stevens Point and Portage city.
Extracts from the Relation des Jésuites concerning the History and Ethnography of the Winnebago People
Year 1640, pg. 35; col. 1
Dont la seconde mer douce sont les Maroumine; plus auant encore sur les mesmes roues habitent les Ouinipigou, peuples sedentaires qui sont en grand nombre. Quelques Francois les appellent la Nation des Puans, à cause que le mot Algonquon ouinebeg sigifie eau puants; or ils nomment ainsi l'eau de la mer saleé, si bien que ces peuples se nomment Ouinipigou, parce qu'ils viennent des bords d'une mer dont nous n'avons point de cognaissance; et par consequent ils ne faut pas les appeller la nation des Puans, mais la nation de la mer. |
|
pg. 35, col. 2
. . . les Ontarahronon, les Aoueatsiouaenhronon; les Attochingohronon; les Attiouendarankhronon. |
. . . the Ontarahronon, the Aoueatsiouaenhronon; the Attochingohronon; the Attiouendarankhronon. |
1636, pg. 92
La Nation du Castor . . . a peur des A8eatsi8aenrrhonon, š'est à dire gens puants, qui ont rompu le traicté de paix, et ont tué deux des leurs, dont ils ont fait festin. |
The Nation of the Beaver . . . has fear of the Aweatsiwaenrrhonon, that is to say, the Stinkard tribe, who have broken the treaty of peace, and have killed two of them, on which they have feasted. |
1639, pg. 55
La Nation des Puants, qui est un passage des plus considerables pour les païs Occidentaux, vn peu plus Septentrionaux. |
The Nation of the Puants, who are a crossing of the most considerable sort for the nations of the west, a little more for the northern ones. |
| cf. 1649, 27 where the Aou — are represented as being an Algonqui[a]n nation. | |
1656, pg. 39
La Nation de Mer, que quelques vns ont appelétes Puants, à cause qu'ils ont autrefois habité sur les r?o?ues de la mer qu'ils appellent Ouinipeg, š'est à dire eau puante. |
The Nation of the Sea, which some have called the Puants, on account that they have in former times lived upon the way to the body of water that they call Winipeg, which is to say, the odiferous waters. |
| [Huron áwän' water; a it (pronoun), tsíwayän sour and bitter, rúnąn people, men] | |
1648, pg. 62.
Un autre troisième lac, que nous appellon le Lac des Puants, qui se décharge sussi dans notre mer douce; . . . rest h?abité d'autres peuples d'une langue inconnuë, c'est à dire qui n'est ny Algonquine ny Huronne. Ces peuple sont appellez les Puants, non pas à raison d'aucune mauvaise odeur qui leurs soit particuliers, mais à cause qu'ils l?e disent estre venus des costes d'une mer fort élongneé, vers le Septentrione, dont l'eau estant saleé, ils se nomment les peuples de l'eau puante. cf. 1654, pg. 9.
Les Ondatouatandy et Ouinipegong qui fort partie de la Nation des Puants. |
Another third lake, which we call the Lake of the Puants [Winnebago], which discharges itself into our fresh water sea; . . . a living vestige of other peoples of an unknown language, which is to say that it is neither Algonqui[a]n nor Huron. These people are called the Puants, not for any reason of bad odor which their let us say particulars [have], but on account of the fact that they say it to be in proximity to the coasts of a very long body of water, about the north, where the water being saline, they name themselves the peoples of the odiferous water. The Ondatouatandy and Winipegong who [are] strong opponents of the Nation of the Puants. |
1660, pg. 9
Le lac des Ouinipegouek (un grande baye de celuy des hurons) . . . called so . . . pourcequ'il est enuironné de terres ensouffreés, d'où sortent quelques sources qui portent dans ce lac la malignité que leurs eaux ont contracteés aux lieux de leur naissence. (See Introduction) |
The lake of the Winipegouek (a great bay of that of the Hurons) . . . called so . . . because it is encompassed by sulphurous earth, from which originate several sources which carry in this lake the malignity which their waters have contracted from the place of their origins. |
1670, pg. 97
Nous arrivá mes le? à l'entreé du Lac des Puans, que nous avons appelé le Lac Saint Francois; il est long d'envin?en 12 h?e?ues et large de 4 . . . |
We arrived before the entrance to the Lake of the Puans, which we have called Lake St. Francis, it is long in length 12 (—), and of 4 wide . . . |
1671, p. 41. 42
La Mission de St François Xavier embasse huit Nations differentes, on mesme davantage: les Puans, au fond de la Baye; . . . qui y ont toujours demeusé comme en leur propre païs; d'un peuple très florrissant qu'ils étaient ils sont presque rétuit à rien, ayant été exterminé par les Ilinois leurs ennemis. Les Pouteouatamies, les Ousak; et ceux de la Fourche y dimeurent aussi. Les Folles Avoines, Outagami et les Nantoué sont proches? les Maskoutench et les Oumami. |
The Mission of St. Francis Xavier reaches out to eight different nations, the Puans, at the farther end of the bay; ... who have always resided there as in their proper country; of a people very prosperous which they having been, they are nearly reduced to nothing, having been exterminated by the Illinois, their enemies. The Potawatomies, the Ousak [Sauk?]; and those of the Fork reside there also. The Folles Avoines [Menominee], Outagami [Fox] and the Nantoué are nearby the Mascouten and the Oumami [Miami?]. |
1672, pg. 37. 38
Description de la mission de St. Navier. |
The description of the mission of St. Navier. |
St. Peet in his Am. Antiquities, 1895, p. 26 seq.
In 1634 at Nicolet's first visit the Winnebago dwelt at Red Banks near Green Bay. Allouez says that in 1640 they had almost been destroyed by the Illinois, but he found the Ojibways discussing whether they should take up arms against them or not. [They] were on good terms with the Mascoutens, Menominees, Ottawas, Chippewas, and Pottawat-s.
Green Bay was held by Menom. & Sauks & the ajacent Lake Winneb. by the Winnebagos & it was a great centre of populaton. Allouez & Dablon paddled up to Lake Winnebago & the mouth of the Upper Fox, which they ascended to visit the town of the Mascoutens. Carver in 1766 found a village of them at Red Banks, and had come there from Wisconsin River.
(Morse 1820:) W. had 5 villages on the lake and 14 on Rock River. The Menomines had villages at Butte des Morts, at Winneconne and Poygan. Winnebagoes gave? a tribute to them = produce for staying on their territory. Oshkosh, a Men. village under Pushan, whose hunting grounds were at (—-)oms. Black Wolf, another Men. village.
Winneb. = 1831 pr(—-) Black Hawk & had then to cede all lands south of Fox River & Winn. removed to Eastern Iowa. They never gave up their original domain & still make their home in US forest betw. Wisc. & Fox Rivers.
The Wianwat s(.... unreadable ....) with the habitat of the [e]ff[i]gy (....).
This name "fetid" was given them by the Algonkins; Ouinibegouc; Ouinipegouec (Rel. Je's. 1650-'60); Ouenibegoutz (Rel. 1669-'70). The French translated it by "Puants," giving it as a name to the tribe and to Green Bay (Sagard). The early missionaries (Relat. of 1639-40, '47-48 (pg 64), 53-54 (pg. 43), '55-58, '59-60, Bressani & Marquette) state that they were so called by the Alg. as coming from the Ocean, or salt water ("fetid water" in Indian). Nicolet: "Gens de mer," lying in "Eaux de mer." The Hurons called them Aweatsi-waenr-rhonons (Rel. 1636) the Sioux: Otonkah (Schoolcr.), but they call themselves, Otcanras (Charlevoix), Hochungara or Ochungarand: "Trout Nation" Schoolcr. III, 277. IV, 227. or Horoji "fish-eaters." The Algonkin tradition makes them, as seen, emigrants from the Pacific shore & the Illinois especially seem to have opposed their approach to the Lakes. This war lasted till about 1639 (Allouez, in Relat. 1669-70) when the W. succumbed. Charlevoix V, 431 states that they were driven from the shores of Green Bay to Fox river by a party of 600 setting out on the lake to attack the Illinois, perished in a storm. The victors took compassion (Allouez) & creat'g the survivor chief of the nation, gave up to him all the captive Winnebagoes. If this strange event ever took place, it did so before 1639, for Nic. visited them in that year & found them prosperous. They were the original inhabitants of Wisc., often troublesome & hostile; allies of Pontiac in 1763, defeated by Wayne in 1794, adhered to England in 1812 (O'Callaghen, Co. Doc. III, 283). 2531 souls in 1848. Cf. Shea's Discov. of the Mississ. p. XXI and note 10. 11.
[Gatschet, MS pp. 70-71]
Comm. by R. W. Haskins of Buffalo, N. Y., one of the proper arditors [sic] of the Buffalo Journal in Sept. 1829. From oral reports of Pliny Warriner, then coming from the Winn. country. In Wis. Histor. Soš'y Collections, vol. I. 86-93. [This is reprinted in full under The First Fox and Sauk War ]
Winnebagos are said to have emigrated from Red Bank, north or northeast of Green Bay, east side of Lake Michigan, they call it Moka šúc-eja from móka bank, šúc red. There is a tradition that some of the Winnebagos are lost, and that they are somewhere south.
Sioux call them Hótanka, which is probably the Hócank, as they call themselves. The Ojibwe call them Winnipeg. At one time they were the fiercest warriors in the country.
In 1831 the Winnebagoes occupied the country in the Wisconsin River; whole number about 1500, under White Loon as head-chief. He with some of his braves had fought both Wayne & Harrison & had ever been loyal to British interests dur'g the war of 1812.
Blanchard, Ruf., Hist'y NW p. 373.
Gatschet's Prospective Informants
Indians to obtain information from:
 |
 |
|
| Harrison Family History | De Lancey W. Gill | |
| Captain John Harrison | Levy StCyr |
John Harrison, middle aged, heavy set.
Mrs. John Johnson, lives towards the Bluffs, speaks English & can tell a good deal.
Alek. Pare [Alex Payer ?], her father, a policeman, speaks English.
James Alexander, government interpreter, difficult to get hold of him.
Carles Profit, described as a "smart boy."
David StCyr, born 1864, almost white.
Alek StCyr, born ?
There were in 1889 forty Winnebago pupils in Carlisle (Hampton included?), Pa. —
Rev. William T. Findl[e]y, Winnebago Reservation,
Winnebago P.O., Nebraska.Howard Logan, 18 years, at Carlisle in May '90
Levy StCyr, 21 ys., at Carlisle, May '90
Cecile La——ess, graduate at Millersville, 52 miles from Carlisle, in May, '90
[Material in pp. 65 seq. is] from John Michel StCyr, interpreter of Wisconsin Winnebagos, P.O. Wittenberg, Wis.
Shawn Co.: Febr. 22, 1890, in Washington,
Pennsylvania Avenue 207.[inserted later:] was here again in April 1891 — Beveridge House.
His Indian name is hágaga: "third son of a family." He states that David StCyr's Indian name is Waxópini Skága: "White Frenchman," waxópini being spirit and French, aj.; skaga white.
waxópinixsi is Frenchman.
Houng=a=Chaw=Kee=Kee=Kah, "one who comes from the chiefs," signed the treaty made with the Winnegbagoes in 1825. Said to be 120 years old. Oldest man in the tribe and excellent to relate stories, legendary and mythological. Lives in Wittenberg, Wis. hunk=hacákirika, "he returned & saw the chief." (pl. húnkara)
Word Lists
| šúnk, pl. šúngra | dog |
| šúnk Jimga nihida | Jim's dog |
| šúnk úci | dog house |
| šúnk wánap'i | dog collar |
| šúnk cánk | wolf, fox |
| wašérekesi | fox (see coyote) |
| šúnk tsánk hinúgia | she-fox, vixen |
| šúnk tsánk xóc (or šúnkšank xóc) | gray wolf |
| šúnk xáte (also šúnk áte) | horse |
| šúnk xáte hinúgia | mare |
| šúnk xáte skaská-iją | a white spotted horse |
| šúnk [xáte] wánkia | stallion |
| ha | skin, hide; untanned hide |
| céxcí ha | buffalo robe |
| hi, hina | fur, hair of animals |
| hicúk, híjuk | cat fur |
| hijúk wómenuke | mouse |
| womenuke | stealing |
| kųšké, pl. kųškéra | beaver |
| síksinik | squirrel |
| cá, cára | deer |
| cára worohára | many deer |
| cáši, pl. cašiínigra | chipmunk |
| cé=xci | buffalo, "original beef" |
| cé | ox, cow |
| céha | buffalo robe, skin |
| céxcí ha | buffalo robe |
| wašiereké=zi | coyote, fox (zí, yellow) (see fox ) |
| cášeža wašierekézi | coyote's neck |
| wašiíšik | wild (animal) (see below ) |
| wašicink | rabbit |
| wakąką | wild (see above ) |
| wáke, waké | raccoon |
| wakére | excrements |
| wapį́ | tame, domesticated |
| pį́ | good |
| waxąhí | porcupine |
| waxąhí hú | bristle of porcupine |
| wijúk | cat |
| hicúk | cat fur (see "mouse" above) |
| wijúk hinúgir | tabby cat |
| wijúk wánkia | tomcat |
| wicáwa | panther |
| wicúk wamanuke | mouse |
| wicúk xáte | rat |
| xguxguše | hog [pig] |
| xguxguše hínuk | female hog [pig] |
| xguxguše nígenik | little pigs |
| xók | badger |
| zík | squirrel |
| šororópke | plover? |
| tútske, túcke | dove |
| tútske wáwąke | pigeon |
| wáwąke | "cooing all the time" |
| hm, hm | cooing sound of a pigeon |
| hék | baldheaded eagle |
| héx | swan |
| ícke, pl. íckera | egg |
| kšó | prairie chicken |
| mášu | feather |
| páho hajára, [D:] pó hajaré | bill of bird |
| pára | nose |
| papáxkera | chickens |
| sínc | tail |
| síncra sérec | long tail |
| rúcke, David StCyr: tútske | pigeon |
| sísike, pl. sisikera | turkey |
| cáxšep | eagle |
| cóxca | blackbird, (—-) on horses, cows |
| cúek | snipe |
| uíx, ųíx, wíx | duck |
| wáhisa | feathers |
| áhu wáhis' ožužúgera | wing=feathers=fine |
| hiza ozuzúgera | find down of birds |
| wánik | bird |
| wánik t'ą | "the bird flies" |
| wánik ya-á t'ánkšana | "that bird flies" |
| wánik gája nánka t'ánąkšana |
"those birds are flying" |
| wanik óma, (h)úma | nest |
| wánik zózotske | quail |
| wíja, pl. wíjana | goose |
| wícaska | white goose |
| wux, pl. wúxra | duck |
| xeté nišarak | wren |
Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles
| hé | louse |
| kírišuc | bedbug |
| mímike | butterfly |
| náwank | mosquito |
| tátacke | grasshopper |
| cákiriske | flea |
| wakiri | fly, insect, bug |
| wakíri híšek | caterpillar ("hairy bug") |
| wóra titicke | cricket |
| šé kísak | half of an apple |
| šíxop, šį́xop | onion |
| tó (see tó ) | potato |
| haštek | strawberry |
| hapunupúnuxke | gooseberry |
| hapunupúnuxke hú | gooseberry bush |
| has | berry |
| hásep | raspberry [prob. blackberry] |
| héxu | cottonwood tree |
| hí warakana | sweet corn |
| hí | tooth |
| warakana | dirty, filthy |
| hį́ške | basswood |
| hónik | bean |
| hónik póroporo | pea |
| hú | bush, plant |
| húju, pl. hújura | oak, black oak, red oak |
| húc, húj, húnjra | acorn |
| hųj, húnc | bear |
| hunc=síncra | bear's tail |
| kánc híšik hu | peach tree |
| kánc hú | plum tree |
| kšé hu | apple tree |
| kšéra | an apple |
| mą́ka hú | medicine plant |
| na, ną́, pl. nánąre | tree, wood, piece of wood |
| ną́ šíjop | cord of wood |
| ną jéga wąkré | this tree is falling |
| wąkré | it is falling |
| ną jéga wąkré hikorohojéna | this tree is going to fall |
| ną́na taxuną́kšana | the wood is burning (in field) |
| ną́na tá-enąkšana | the wood burns (in a stove or in the lodge) |
| pécra tá-ejena | the fire burns |
| pécra ta-e nánkšana | many fires burn |
| na níske | tree-like |
| no kšákšap | split wood |
| ná akáratske | limb of tree |
| ná áp, pl. ná apera | leaf of tree |
| náha, ná=ha, na há | bark of tree |
| náhoške | box elder |
| na húij; ná-huj, na=žujra (last two from Michel StCyr) | trunk of tree |
| ná isáwa | top of tree |
| náži | elderberry, elderberry bush |
| ná néju(na), ná réju | root of tree |
| ną́xa | log |
| ná xewetsésa | one shrub or bush standing |
| názank | hard maple |
| pąjá | hickory nut |
| pą́ja gú | hickory tree |
| pác | woods, forest |
| pác ažúka | heavy and dense timber |
| ažúka | thick |
| rúxi, rúǧi | willow |
| ráxge, raxk'é, pl. raxkera | weeds (as sunflower, big weeds) |
| rúxi šútske (trúxi, David StCyr) | kinnikinnick (cf. 'red') |
| sú | seed |
| táne, táni | tobacco |
| tánina | tobacco (plural) |
| tánižu | sugar |
| skú | sweet |
| cáške gu | white oak |
| cák | walnut |
| cágu | walnut tree |
| cácani | iron wood |
| tó sku (see tó and skú ) | sweet potato |
| wáške | poplar |
| wahú | maize, corn, cornstalk |
| óhabra háxi | the corn is ripe (archaic) |
| óhabra | ear of corn |
| háxi | ripe |
| wahúra sérecinema | the corn is tall |
| wóhap | ear of corn |
| wóhap hác nákšana | I am eating corn while sitting |
| wakirikírik | elm |
| wázi hu, wási(ta) | pine tree |
| was íkanak | pine cone |
| wázica | pine forest; also the name of Wisconsin. |
| wáxu | pine tree |
| wáx | pine board, pine wood |
| wesábu | soft maple |
| wáskap, waiskap (wá-iskop) | wheat, bread |
| waiskap póroporo | wheat, lit. "round bread" |
| póroporo | round (as grains, seeds) |
| wáskap psópšoc | flour |
| wicás, wicáwas (see wahú ) | corn |
| wánkšik wicáwas | Indian corn |
| wicás pókšakšap | hominy |
| wicáwas, wicáwas-yą́ | grain of corn |
| wicáwas ho-iníge | maize, squaw corn, common corn. Not the best kind like American corn. |
| wicáwa | pumpkin |
| wicáwa sáke | watermelon ("raw pumpkin") |
| xátap | bushes |
| xáwe wáxca | flower ("pretty grass") |
| xáwi wáxca né-e šúc šána | this flower is red |
| xáwi, xą́wi | grass, growth |
| xą́wi níske | grass-like |
| zízike | turnip |
| hižúk ma | lead |
| išúkmo | lead |
| žúra | money, dollar; metal? |
| žúra šúc | copper |
| žúraska | silver ("white money") |
| žúra zí | gold, yellow money |
| mąs, más | iron |
| mąsáke | lead, metal ("raw earth") |
| más zí | copper ("brown iron"); brass ("yellow iron") |
| nísku | salt |
| ní | water |
| sku(ra) | sweet |
| pų́zake | sand |
| ráxšuc, réx=šúc | copper, lit. "pail=red" |
| wágax có | paper money ("green paper") |
| asákiluje | total darkness ("cannot see") |
| hą́he | night |
| hą́he wi(da) | moon (lit., "night sun") |
| hą́he wíra cekokiti | new moon (died before another moon came) |
| hámp wíta | sun (lit., "day sun") |
| máxi(ra) | sky, heaven |
| ukáwas | darkness, "becoming dusk" |
| wecek | new moon |
| wi | sun, moon, month |
| wí, wíta, wíra | sun |
| wita gis | full moon |
| wíra gitá akerána | waning moon ("moon near its death") |
| wirágoške, pl. wirágockera | star (cf. wíta ) |
| wirágoške ho-ikáta | shooting star |
| wíra itána | sunset ("goes past") |
| wíra wirire | sunset |
| wíra xep'huhána (wíra haxep, David StCyr) | sunrise (lit., "sun is coming") |
| já | it freezes |
| t'ára jaíjena | the lake is frozen |
| hą́p, hap | day, light of day |
| hóhomp | light, shine (cf. hámp) |
| kanagú | icicle, icetag |
| ma-ita | wind, to blow |
| ną́ka ma-ita jéhigiwank šána | the tree fell, blown down by the wind |
| cínaka maitajéhi gíwank šána | the wind put down that house |
| maitajéhi xéte | hurricane |
| maxíwi | cloud, clouded sky |
| maxíwi níge | "piece of cloud" (lit., "cloud forming") |
| níju | rain |
| nijujána | it rains |
| núx | ice, anything frozen |
| núxšibre | large hail |
| nuxšíbrajána | it hails |
| síni | cold, as water |
| takác, pl. takaciténa | hot |
| wá | snow |
| wakanjá | thunder |
| wakánasara k'onankšana | it is thundering |
| wakancajump | lightning |
| janjúmp nánkšena | it lightens (lit., "lightning travels") |
| wára | snow in a body |
| wa uhijána | it snows |
| wipámekere | rainbow |
| hó-išuj | muddy (šuj, red? cf. name of Missouri River) |
| ho-isáwą | valley, cañon |
| hópase | point of land |
| hosk, hoská | prairie |
| má, mą́ | earth ground |
| Mą́hánina hosúcšana | My land is level. |
| Mą́nina xé kiruškiškína. | My land is rolling. |
| Mą́nina xé cuna. | My land is rocky, full of stones. |
| má | lands, country |
| máha | mud |
| mąkáx | earth, mud; dirt, dust |
| cf. Mankato, nom. loc. of Dakota language |
"Blue Earth" |
| má toke | wet land |
| má wus | dry land |
| níš | cliff, rock on a mountain |
| rókši | deep (hole) |
| wawa-ája | portage |
| háwa-e, hawa-ą́ | to carry on the shoulder |
| -ája | prob. refers to something distant; cf. -eja, long past. |
| ká-ija |
there at a distance, there, out there (in the distance) |
| xá | hill |
| xé | hill |
| xé hánkši hagéja | on a high hill |
| xá, xáte | mountain |
| šáwe | deep water |
| dá, tá | lake, sheet of water, also bay |
| tá ja(na) | ocean |
| tá xónonik | pond (lit., "little lake") |
| hátuje | to go across |
| kšenéna | I am going to |
| má toke | wet land |
| máxi | sky |
| maxíwi | clouded sky, cloud |
| maxíwi ká-a | that cloud |
| maxíwi níge | "piece of cloud" |
| maxíwixiwi | cloudy |
| ní, nína, níra | water, water in a body |
| ní šánakra jákšena | the creek is frozen |
| ni té-e sinína | this water is cold |
| niéja | in the water |
| niéja ną́jiwina | we stood in the water |
| nína sininéna | waters are cold |
| ní nackąjéna | I drink water |
| nackąjéna | to drink (it) |
| ní nó-e hátuje kcenéna | I am going to ford the river |
| ní sine | cold water |
| ní tatskána | I drink water |
| ni té-e mášcą sénina | this water is very cold |
| ni té-e sini kajeréna | this water was cold |
| ní-šának(ra) | river (not of the largest); creek |
| ní=skura | salt water |
| ní xáte | river (lit., "large creek or water") |
| ní xcí | pure water |
| núx | ice |
| cáx, pl. cáxra cúna | swamp, morass (water there always) |
| wíc | island |
| wícera kerepanó-ijan | ten islands |
| Ho-ükšégeja | name more frequently used for Green Bay, from: |
| hó-ükšek | point, promontory; cf. hopáse |
| Hų́wahe nišánakra | Elkhorn River, Nebraska |
| Išúkmo ó-įja | Dubuque, Iowa. Lit. "lead place"; išúkmo lead, ó-įja, ho-ú-eja "where manufactured," néa úna I make, manufacture (Mo-ingenas? from this?) |
| Kunškonákeja, abbr. Kunškónak | Chicago, from kųšké skunk; nąk to run, hónak, húnak he passes by there, along there, past, on opposite side. According to the etymological legend grown out of the name, somebody held the skunk and it ran off along the (Chicago) river — eja "long past." |
| Negáci ní=šanak | Chippeway River, eastern affluent of Mississ. R., Wis. |
| Negáci xáwane | Chippeway falls; "where the Ojibwe people are lost" |
| Ní šep | Black River, Wis. |
| Ní šój, Ní šoc | Missouri River; "muddy, roiled water," cf. hó-icuj. |
| Nišoc naxámanina | Missouri River bridge |
| Ní kusa | Mississippi River |
| Ní kusa xónonik | Little Mississippi; also name for other rivers — Wisconsin River, Pikatonik River. |
| Ní máha, mehá | Logan Creek, lit. "mud-river" (also name of a creek near Omaha), Cumi?ns and Thurston County, Nebraska. |
| Nióxawane, abbr. Nióxane | Black River Falls, Jackson Co., Wis. runs into Missouri R. at Lacrosse; nióxane is the common term for waterfall, from xáwane it falls; niuxáne and niúšibre "fall of water." |
| Ní parásra | Platte River. Cf., Omaha, Ní beçáthka, "Flat River." |
| Niutit'é | local name for Omaha Creek. |
| Nuguás-eja | "woman's breast"; Lacrosse, Wis. an image of that shape being found there once, -eja dual and plural suffix. |
| Ómaha cinegra | Omaha City |
| Táni hukéja | "pipe where they dig it"; same locality as next entry |
| Táni huóruseca | Pipe stone (county) Minn "where they go after the pipe; táni meaning tobacco. |
| Té copija, abbr. Té cóp | is the name of the site of Madison, Wis; "four lakes" |
| Té cúja, abbr. Té cú | Green Bay; lit. "green lake" |
| Uxanigatsa | "small rapid"; Marston, Wis. |
| Wascínk cínak | Rabbit village; falsely understood for Grand Rapids, Wis. Indian name. |
| Wazica | "pine-forest," name for Wisconsin State |
| Zízike Ní=janak | Turkey River, Iowa; sisike turkey. |
| ha | skin, hide, robe, blanket |
| cáxcí ha | buffalo robe |
| híyakup | pin ("toothpick") |
| wa-í, wá-ina | blanket (Indian and [white] American) |
| wa-í šušujią́ | red spotted blanket |
| waíni | clothing |
| waíni hawąšána | I got clothes on |
| waípere | cloth |
| wakúje, wákuce | moccasin (from waxú ?) |
| wakúje si=kereckera | heel of boot or moccasin |
| wákuc oínigera | pair of moccasins |
| wakúje si rokóra | sole of a moccasin |
| wákuc hajá | shoe |
| wákuc ója | he has a shoe on |
| wí ruxuk | needle |
| pápox hánaga égi túxuk | I stick something in and pull it out |
| pápox | string through |
| hánaga | after |
| túxuk | I pull out |
| watúcak nákšana | I am sewing |
| wórutskus, wóruckus | |
| wónaže | calico; shirt, thing worn |
| wónažina | my shirt |
| wónaži=xáte | coat, big shirt |
| áxošok | piece set on the top of a hatchet |
| šúnk úci | doghouse |
| šúnk wánap'i | dog collar |
| šunk-xáte (cunkáte) | stall, stable, lit. "horse living in it" |
| hiraruckis | scissors |
| wátu ckis | I cut with scissors |
| homa=cí | permanent house, winter-lodge |
| hóru | cradle |
| kok'hóariš | hoop |
| ini ukának | stone-sling ("stone put inside") |
| máhi | knife |
| máhi caš'á | pocket knife (t. from the noise made in shutting it) |
| ná caš' áhana | I made that noise of shutting a knife |
| mána | arrow |
| mą́ns-ángre | iron (for cloths) |
| mą́ns-ángre tášut šána | the iron is red-hot |
| mas' áxocok | hatchet |
| más'=hítoje | a hammer |
| más nágu | railroad, "iron road" |
| mas' xónonik | hatchet |
| másra | ax, iron |
| másra cucux | a dull ax |
| más=ų́n | blacksmith ("maker of iron") |
| mątskú(ra) | bow |
| mą́tskuiká | bowstring |
| ną=kišéri | builder, carpenter (wood worker) |
| kišéri | working |
| na=wácank, na=wácak, pl. na=wacagara | fence, fort |
| nawácak círup | fence-dow or -gate |
| más nawácak | wire fence |
| naxamóne | bridge (lit., "walking on what is across") |
| nayáckís | saw (na, "tree, wood") |
| napatskísahajána | I am sawing, while standing |
| náyackís xéte | big saw |
| náyackís xunúnik | hand saw ("little saw") |
| nówakšap | saw mill |
| nówaxcuk | saw dust |
| naxámani | bridge |
| níwaja | soap |
| páx | 1) rattle 2) bottle |
| páx sóxsox | rattling rattle, or "sounding rattle" |
| ráx | pail |
| ráx=uca | kettle, lit. "pail with legs" |
| cakan | sinew |
| ceksų | rope |
| cí, círa | house |
| ocíra | his house |
| ocirána | their houses |
| wájra | canoe, boat (plural?) |
| wájera rohą́xawanína | many canoes were lost (as in a storm) |
| wakína | string |
| wakína šcą́ | strong rope |
| šcą́ | tough |
| warę´rę | ball |
| wáruc | table (see "food" ) |
| wawagáx | book |
| Ma-una wawagáx hárina | Bible (God, book, belonging to) |
| waxú | leather; from xú , skin; ha being untanned hide |
| wakína kíruske | the game of cat's cradle |
| kíruske | take away |
| wakína | string |
| ší | fat, aj. (men) |
| túc | cooked |
| hikini | grease, oil |
| íwus | thirsty |
| kep | fat (meat) |
| sáǧánac ní-šuj | English red-water |
| sáke | raw |
| cáwasni | milk |
| cáwasni hikini | butter |
| tó táwehi | hungry |
| waískabra, waískap(ra) | bread |
| waískap skopšuc | flour |
| wakíni | grease, fat |
| wáni | meat |
| warújera | food, victuals |
| wáruc | to eat |
| warúc | (1)food, eatables (see "table" ) (2) to nourish |
| arátske | left-handed |
| šák | old (persons, animals) |
| ši, šį́ | fat (man), adj. said of butter, tallow, &c. |
| šišik, pl. šišikiréna | bad |
| šcų́wa | sleepy |
| šúnk=hamínagią́ | a horse rider |
| hitánik | lean |
| hitáje | rich |
| íwus | thirsty |
| mą́šcá wánk wowangierána | very bad man |
| máscą | strong (man) |
| o-irátsk ara | left-armed |
| o-išóro, o-išúr | right-armed |
| pášara | bald |
| pin, pí, pl. pínena | good (materially and morally) |
| sep | dark complexioned |
| stúj | warm, comfortable |
| cánik | drunk |
| tó táwehi | hungry |
| wášoce | brave |
| wairíšuc | coward |
| wažá cų | owns much (rich) |
| wažínperes | smart, wise |
| wamanukéža | a thief |
| wanajoją́ske | poor |
| wánk pį́že | good man |
| wánk sárec | tall man |
| sárec, sárej | long |
| wánk wášoše | a brave man |
| wašošéna | his is brave |
| wánk wówangia | bad man, harmful |
| wáresak | active |
| wárut'e | lazy (see below ) |
| wácek | young |
| wáxca | pretty |
| wi pamą́kere | newborn |
| wogížawa | happy |
| wórušak | lazy (see above ) |
| wówank | foolish |
| x'į́ | wrinkle, wrinkled |
| zágre | fast, fleet |
| ai šáwagra | elbow |
| ára | arm |
| arátskera | left arm |
| o-išór ara | right arm |
| šágo xátera | thumb ("large nail") |
| šak | fingernail |
| šíbra | guts (of men and animals) |
| toxíra,tóxira, tóxira | throat (outside part of it) |
| hišcasúra | the eyes |
| hítižą kíta, hidižan kíte | one tooth |
| híksigra | hip |
| hinážra, hínecra, hinécera | shoulder |
| hínec hušérekra | shoulder blades |
| híra | teeth |
| hóra, hórora | flesh |
| howéxǫ | to blow (mouth) |
| hušárek, (David StCyr:) hušárk | bone |
| hupórora, hu porura | knee |
| húporo hušógra | knee-pan |
| húra | leg |
| ha-kiúš | I bend my knee |
| hura hínubeke, hura hinúmike | both legs |
| húxara, úxara | back |
| íhina, ihíra | beard |
| ihíra sárec | boy beard |
| wahokųjéta íhina | the beard of the preacher |
| mą́šca, mašcá | strong |
| ira | mouth |
| mangrá, mánkra | thorax, chest (both sexes) |
| náke hušáregra | spine |
| nąkera | upper part of the back |
| nątskára | heart |
| nątskára kicícip | the heart is beating |
| nap, ną́pra | hand |
| nap waísara | finger |
| níap | alive |
| níhara | breathing tube |
| niahána | the breath |
| niáhanąkšą | I breathe, |
| nią nakšána hahá | I breathe (David StCyr) |
| níxara | stomach |
| nixára | belly |
| nixára hixetána | my belly is big |
| nuxújera | temple |
| oišóra | right, on the right side |
| óniha | breath, the breathing |
| orackátja | left |
| pára | forehead |
| píkana | waist |
| píra | liver |
| porora | pan of knee |
| pų́sce upóxra | nostril |
| ópoxra | hole |
| ráxora, raxóra | lungs |
| rúhira | rib |
| rúhira hánanc | all the ribs |
| si=kerétskera, si=kereckera | heel of foot |
| síra | foot |
| síra hinúbeke | both feet |
| si rokóra | sole of foot |
| si waikizáta | toes ("limbs of foot") |
| cašára, tsášera, cašéra, cášeža | neck |
| t'é, pl. t'aiténa | dead |
| wahúrukop | marrow |
| wa-íra | blood |
| wa-í xúna | I am bleeding |
| wá-i áxu | blood running off |
| wa-íta šuc, wa-í šuj | red blood |
| wa-ida šucína | the blood is red |
| wa-íta šáp | dark blood |
| wá-ita šáp cin | the blood is very black |
| waísara | limb, extremity |
| wamą́šca | stout, powerful |
| wankšigo-ina | life |
| wásra mama | udder |
| wásne | milk |
| wináhara | oesophogus, inside of the throat |
| xúra | skin |
| xúra (h)išókana | my skin is thick |
| hi- | my |
| hišta'hník | blind |
| húšiš | lame |
| inik | mute |
| núknik | deaf |
| wanaxiówank | crazy, rattlebrained |
| wárakana | dirty (of people, things) |
| xónonek | small |
Nations, Tribes, and Ethnic Groups
| Šáha | Sioux |
| huská-ija, huskáci | people living on the prairie, plains (hoská, prairie) |
| Kąką, pl. Kánkana | the Ponkas. |
| Kaxida (for Káx=kida) | one Menomonee |
| Kax-ónihe | Menomonee tribe |
| ónihe | "relation" |
| máhi xetá | white man, "Big-Knife" |
| Mankato | "blue earth"; Mankato City — name taken from the Sioux language |
| Ómaha | the Omahas. |
| Pani | Pawnee |
| Pácuka | Comanches (from Pentéthka?) |
| Négaci | Ojibwe; N. je, one Ojibwe man. |
| Ní šuj ací | The Nebraska Winnebagos; lit. "residing along Missouri River" |
| Niut'aci, Niut'atí (Dorsey) | Missouri Indians, name founded on a legend, "dying in the water," Niudit'é "being drowned in the water" nom loc of Omaha Creek. |
| Nutöca | the Missouri Inds call themselves (Mooney) |
| Sági | the Sac tribe, also Foxes, on account of their long association with them. |
| wank ská | white man |
| Wacúkšaja, pl. Wacúkšažara | an Osage |
| waxopíni | white man, person [ nt ] |
| Waxopíniskága | Hocąk name of David StCyr, Gatschet's informant |
| waxopíniskága | white, Yankee, German, etc. |
| pí | good |
| xopíni | man? |
| waxopíni wí | white woman |
| Woraxíža | one Potawatomi |
| Wóraxe | Potawatomi tribe; probably stands for "Miami" also. |
| xopíni sep | negro [see Foster ] |
| Hócank íwa, or (h)ínuk | Winnebago woman |
| Hócank wánk | Winnebago man |
| Hócank wa-únank, or wángara | (many) Winnebago men |
Of Winnebago Indians there are about 1400 in Nebraska, 1100 in Wisconsin, mainly pure-bloods.
The gentes of the Winnebagos are divided into two great classes:
a. those on earth, low; fish belong to this also
mą́ku úmigra, (anything) under the earth. waxópini waráciti mąku hą́ja, lit. "spirit, miraculous naming earth underneath."
b. those of animals in the air
| híkikarac | clan |
| (bear phratry) | bear (grizzly, white bear) |
| (dog phratry) | wolf, dog, coyote |
| waką́ híkikarac | snake phratry |
| wánik hikíkarac | bird phratry; contains eagle, bird, thunder, lightning, sky, and more. |
They follow the mother in their succession, and inherit of her.
The following material comes from John Michel StCyr, the previous informant's father.
| hų́c hikíkarac | bear clan |
| wánik hikíkarac | bird clan; "chiefs" of royal blood. |
| hų́wa hikíkarac | elk clan |
| hų́wesa hikíkarac | moose clan |
| šúnk hikíkarac | dog clan |
| thunder hikíkarac | also of "royal" blood; belonging to the object above the earth, "upper division." |
Totem-clans named after animals and things upon or below the earth's surface are of the 'lower' division, ... they belong to the military division (Michel). The Winnebagoes have some more clans than the above.
| šágeraga | your parents |
| šák | parent |
| hínigra | his son |
| híni hara (híni háxtsi) | my brother; my brother, older than I am (man speaking) |
| hinik húra | my son (used by m. & fem.) |
| hínu hara | my sister, older than I (man or woman speaking) |
| hínuk nik (nek) | a female birth, baby-girl |
| niki, ník, pl. nígra | young |
| hínukra rókana | many women |
| hí suk'hara (or sų́k'hara) (hísunk háxtsi) | my brother younger than I am; all brothers younger than I am (man or woman speaking) |
| hicíto hara | my brother, older than I am (woman speaking) |
| hicúnk hara (hicank haxtsi) | my sister (woman speaking) |
| hiuníhata | my mother |
| hocincí nik | boy; baby-boy, male birth |
| náni | mother |
| nánige, nániga | my mother |
| ník cąk hóru nik | baby in the cradle |
| hóru | cradle |
| nik cánknik, cą́knik | child |
| nik cą́knikra rókana, róhą | many children |
| waické hara (waicxé haxtsi) | my sister, younger than I (man speaking) |
Children are named after the order in which they were born, and for the subjective case -aga or -ga is appended to the name:
| First born son: | kúno; | subj. case | kúnoga |
| 2d born son: | hána; | subj. case | hánaga |
| 3d born son: | hága; | subj. case | hágaga |
| 4th born son: | nági; | subj. case | nágiga |
| 5th born son: | náǧi kúnuga; |
From here the 3d, 4th, 5th are repeated.
| First born girl: | hínu; | subj. case | hínuga |
| 2d born girl: | wíha; | subj. case | wíhąga |
| 3d born girl: | áksiga | subj. case | aksiága |
| 4th born girl: | hinaká; | subj. case | hinakága |
| 5th born girl: | aksigáxunu; | subj. case | aksigáxunuga |
Then repeated from the third onward!
| Cúnkcanka | Male Wolf, a personal name |
| Cúnkcankiwingá | Female Wolf, a personal name |
| mąkáni | medicine-man, doctoring |
| wánk tóšewe | medicine-man. Also female doctors who give medicine; the men diagnostrate, tell dreams, blow water over you, sing, rattle, make rain by getting power from the thunders. |
| wą́cowe | Indian doctor |
| wą́cowe ženána | he is an Indian doctor |
| tóšewe | an archaic word |
| š'ak | old |
| wánšik žágra | old people |
| haíni | morning |
| haínige, haínigi | tomorrow |
| hámp kísak | midday, noon ("half of day") |
| hámpte-e (hám-te-e) | today |
| hikwánka | sometime |
| hikwánka cówerege | in the future |
| hokisak | middle of the month |
| kísak kíra | half |
| hoxtánanig | evening |
| hozána, hozéna | last of the month |
| ískeca | everlasting |
| mąn | year |
| máni | winter |
| máni hinži húwire | the last year |
| mánine | last winter |
| sí teja | long ago |
| skeca | everlasting |
| cáni | fall |
| cáne tá-e | this fall |
| cánina | last fall |
| cák, cék | first of the month |
| cek | new |
| cówerege | ahead of time |
| tók, tóg, tók | summer |
| tók táe | this summer |
| tókre | last summer |
| wána | spring |
| wána tá-e | this spring |
| wánina | last spring |
| wacék | young |
| wí | month, moon, sun |
| xcánane | yesterday |
| áškenik | near |
| hári | far |
| ho-išóro | right, right-handed |
| ho-irátske | left |
| wasírigi húhira | north |
| we howáškuneja | south |
| we hoirára | west |
| wi hoirája hurijána | the wind blows from the west |
| weaxep' húra | east |
Shapes, Patterns, Textures, Surfaces
| šcą́ | hard |
| hašák | hard |
| hosúcšana | level |
| jípnik | short |
| jóga | thick |
| kšák | crooked |
| ksis | hard (rope tied hard) |
| páras | wide |
| peránik | thin |
| róca | straight |
| sárej | long |
| súpnik | narrow |
| cinak | appearing, visible (?) |
| xárek | coarse, rough |
| xé kiruškiškína | rolling (terrain) |
| x'į́ | wrinkle, wrinkled |
| šúc, pl. šuciténa | red |
| šúca hánakšena | I paint, make red |
| šúšuc | red in spots |
| šúc raták | dark red |
| tákinš | painted, branded |
| hókawas | dark |
| žáp | not quite black, pinto? |
| žážep | not quite black in spots |
| ží | not quite red, pink |
| žíži | pink in spots |
| kárekárec | spotted in color (3 or 4 colors); having lines, striped, as shirts. [StCyr] says (1) and (2) are not different in reality. |
| sep, pl. sépra | black |
| hišcára séba | I blacken my face |
| sésep | black in places |
| ská, pl. skára | white |
| skáska | white spotted |
| có | green |
| cóco | green in spots |
| cóxoc, pl. coxociténa | blue (xoc, gray) |
| wakákax | written over |
| xí, rí | yellow, the color of plums going into brown, of somebody's eyes |
| xóc | gray |
| xóc nánka | gray these (pl. of "gray") |
| zí, pl. ziréna | yellow or brown |
| zízi | yellow in spots |
| že-é, že, žekére | one |
| núp | two |
| táni | three |
| cóp | four |
| sáca | five |
| hakéwe | six |
| žakoi | seven |
| háruwank | eight |
| hižakúcuškone | nine |
| kerepanaíša | ten |
| kerepana nup | twenty |
| kerepana šákowe | seventy |
| okihíža | one hundred |
| hokí-ihi, okíhi xatéža | one thousand |
| hánąc, hánanc, haną́c | all |
| hinké wažá | nothing |
| hírera | everybody's, of all |
| híske | some |
| mána | empty |
| nánka | others |
| nášana | only myself |
| nóhan, róhan | many |
| pónank | every, each |
| rokáni | without |
| cų́ | much |
| cų xcín | too much |
| wažá | something |
| wažą́ anánc | everything |
| watágnik | scarce, few |
| xáte, pl. xatéra (also, xéte?) | great, big |
| xununik | small, little |
| zánega | enough |
| jújux | dull (knife) |
| hą́ha-ą, hą-a-ą | yes! |
| hajá | to see |
| hį́ke | no, not |
| hį́ke wážą | nothing, none |
| hicá | to laugh |
| Hicóke Hírera | Our Great Father, the President |
| hit'été | to speak |
| ka, hánka, hínka-a | no! |
| kísra | war, fight, battle |
| wakisaha-ajána | I am fighting |
| mą́žcą | loud |
| nákwą | to sing |
| nų́nak | to run; to dodge |
| pínkuna | he fixed it himself |
| ráxirik | old (things) |
| ská | clean (house, table, &c.; not water) |
| t'éhi | to kill |
| wáte | the work |
| wáre | to work |
| xak | to weep |
Grammar
| Subj | Object: 1 sg | Object: 1 pl |
| 1 sg | ||||
| 2 sg | t'á hinarajána | you are killing me | t'á narajána | you are killing us |
| 3 sg | t'á winjána | he, she is killing me | t'á wankya jáwina | he, she is killing us |
| Subj | Object: 2 sg | Object: 2 pl |
| 1 sg | t'á nihajána | I am killing you | t'á ją́wina | I am killing you |
| 2 sg | ||||
| 3 sg | t'á ninjána | he, she is killing you | t'á nyą jąwina | he, she is killing you |
| 1 pl | ne t'eni hająwina | we are killing you |
| Subj | Object: 3 sg | Object: 3 pl |
| 1 sg | t'á hajána | I am killing him, her | t'á wahájena | I am killing them |
| 2 sg | t'á rarajána | you are killing him, her | t'á wararajána | you are killing them |
| 3 sg | t'á hijána | he, she is killing him, her | t'á wahijána | he, she is killing them |
| 1 sg | wat'e hajéna | I kill |
| 2 sg | wat'érarajena | thou kill |
| 3 sg | wat'ehíjena | he kills |
| 1 pl | hiwat'eyajéna | we kill |
| 2 pl | wat'erárajéna | you kill |
| 3 pl | wat'éhinankšana | they kill |
to kill many things:
| 1 sg | t'éwahajéna | I kill many things |
| 2 sg | t'ewararjéna | thou kill many things |
| 3 sg | t'ewahíjena | he kills many things |
| 1 pl | t'ewahacą́wina | we kill many things |
| 2 pl | t'ewararają́wina | you kill many things |
| 3 pl | t'ewahiną́kšana | they kill many things |
| 1 sg | t'ehana | I killed one |
| 2 sg | t'éhina | thou killed one |
| 3 sg | t'éhickune | he killed one |
| 1 pl | t'eháwina | we killed one |
| 2 pl | t'érawina | you killed one |
| 3 pl | t'eráwina | they killed one |
| 1 sg | ha-wažare | I made | ha-uncununa | I do make (customary action) |
| 1 sg | hatáxcak žáre | I did bite | 1 pl | hį́naxcak wížare | we did bite |
| 2 sg | hašáraxcak járe | you did bite | 2 pl | hašáraxcak wížare | you did bite |
| 3 sg | háraxcak žáre | he, she, it did bite | 3 pl | háraxcak wížare | they did bite |
| 1 sg | hatáxcak kinína | I had bitten | 1 pl | hį́naxcak wínkinina | we had bitten |
| 2 sg | hašáraxcak kinína | you had bitten | 2 pl | hašáraxcak wínkinina | you had bitten |
| 3 sg | háraxcak kinína | he, she, it had bitten | 3 pl | háraxcak wínkinina | they had bitten |
| háraxcak hirakinína | they had bitten him | ||||
| 1 sg | hatáxcak škúnina | I may bite | 1 pl | hį́naxcak wiškunína | we may bite |
| 2 sg | hašáraxcak škúnina | you may bite | 2 pl | hašáraxcak wiškunína | you may bite |
| 3 sg | háraxcak škúnina | he, she, it may bite | 3 pl | háraxcak hireškúnina | they may bite |
| hihéškunína | I may say | ||||
| hihanána | I can say | ||||
| hihékšégi hihánan | I would say | ||||
| hų́kų cašgégi hátaxcak gikšinéna | I must bite him | ||||
| 1 sg | wapagaxnána | I can bite | wapagaxškúnina | I could bite (if I wanted to) |
| 2 sg | wašawagaxnána | you can bite, etc. | ||
| 1 sg | t'ehákcinena | I shall kill one thing |
| 1 sg | t'ewahakcinena | I shall kill many things |
| hátaxcak nákšena | biting |
| minaknákšena | sitting |
| ną́guta cíšikšena | the road is bad |
| ną́gura cíšika teréna | the road was bad |
| ną́gura cíšikgi kcinéna | the road will be bad |
| 1 sg | hanína | I have | 1 pl | haniwíra | we have |
| 2 sg | hašinína | you have | 2 pl | hašiníwina | you have |
| 3 sg | hanína | he, she has | 3 pl | haninéna | they have |
| ho cincíngeda sácą hanína | I have five boys | ||||
| hanigajeréna | I had | ||||
| hanikjinéna | I shall have | ||||
Verbs and Forms Derived from Verbs
| 1 | hižą́ t'ehána | I kill somebody |
| 2 | t'e wínena | I am killed |
| 3 | t'eakína | I kill myself |
| 4 | t'eakiwína | we kill each other |
| 5 | wat'ehiháną | I cause to kill |
| 6 | wat'éhijera | a killer |
| 7 | wą́k t'ehirera | a killed man |
| 8 | wat'éhige | because he killed |
| 9 | ho t'éhira, -hita | the killing of |
| 1 | hijá hátaxcak | I bite somebody |
| 2 | hinaxcak hiténa | I am bitten by somebody |
| 3 | hakitáxcak | I bite myself |
| 4 | hakitaxcak wína | we bite each other |
| 4.5 | ne hakitaxcakwína | we bite ourselves |
| 5 | háraxcak haigíra | I cause to bite |
| 6 | wátaxcak kajéra | a biting man |
| 1 | ha-ipsínc hajéna | I thrash, whip |
| 2 | hingi psinc hiténa | I am whipped |
| 3 | hakipsínc šána | I whip myself |
| 4 | hakípsínc wíra | we whip each other |
| 5 | gipsínc hána | I make him whip |
| 6 | wá-ipsinc kajéra | a whipper |
| 7 | gipsinc hirajera | a man whipped |
| 4 | hinkíkisa | we fight each other |
| 5 | wakisa haną | I cause to fight |
| 6 | wakísake | a fighter |
Verbs with Qualifiers of Situation
| ná žią jéra | I am standing |
| naži nárkšaną | plural: they are standing |
| wánk nažijéga | a standing man |
| miánek ną́kšena | I am sitting |
| mínak ną́kšeną | plural form |
| wánk minágneka | a sitting man |
| hámik mánkšena | I am lying down |
| mínk nánkšeną | plural form |
| wánk mingánka | a man lying down |
| hánekmúkšena | I am running |
| nánk nánkšena | dual and plural form |
| rušíš | to break |
| haišíšéna | I break something by hitting, striking, pounding, with hand or something else |
| nášišena | I break with the foot, standing |
| pášišena | I break by sitting (leaning?) or by bending |
| haigasána | I burst something by pushing through with arm or hand |
| turícana | I bend something |
| wakújena | he bends over (himself) standing |
| wakú | act of bending over |
| wámąšip nákšena | he cuts with a knife sitting down |
| wackís | to cut with a saw |
| ną́ watskís jéna | to saw wood standing |
| ną́ patskísa hajéna | I saw wood standing with both hands, in one hand by pulling |
| wakisajéna | I fight standing |
| hižą́ hakisájin | I fight somebody standing |
"Prepositions" & Related Words
| hašána | over, added to |
| íni neka hikísųc | near the stone |
| íni nanka hórugex | around the stone |
| íni hihágeja | upon, on the top of, the stone |
| íni kų́ha | under the stone (neka not needed) |
| íni negá wángeja | over, above that stone |
| íni có-eja | in front of, before, the stone |
| íni neká hágeja | behind that (not the) stone |
| íni áke'ake | on both sides of the stone |
| íni rókeja | inside the stone |
| íni hihágeja | outside the stone |
| ínio keságeja | in the center of the stone |
| íni uinánga | by means of a stone |
| íni rokáni | without a stone |
| ínija wa-ųkájini | on account of a stone |
| íni naka hánąc | the whole stone |
| íni naka ponąk´ | the whole stone |
| ínina haną́ci | all the stones |
| hánąš, haną́c | all |
| ínina pónank | every, each stone |
| ínina cų́škune | no stone |
| ínina cųškúnina | there is no stone |
| ínina cún | many stones |
| nóhan, róhan | many |
| ínina watágnik | few stones |
| ínina híske | some stones |
| ínina hijane nágeda | the other stone |
| íni skingráža | a heavy stone |
| íni skingrára | heavy stones |
| íni hahángią́ | a light stone |
| íni hahánigra | light stones |
| íni hasánase | a smooth stone |
| íni hasánasra | smooth stones |
| íni xáregią́ | a rough stone |
| íni xáregra | rough stones |
| íni gísyą | a round stone |
| íni gísra | round stones |
| íni párazyą | a flat stone |
| íni párasra | flat stones |
| íni parapárajią | a square stone |
| íni parapárajra | square stones |
| wángregi | above |
aho! imperat., let us (do, go! etc.)
| Niéja hoigisigikcera! | Let us fish in the river! |
| -ba | these |
| -ga | these |
| gá-a, pl. kója, kája | that |
| -ka | that |
| ną́ka | that tree |
| cíka | that house |
| ka makes naka, ną́ka in the plural | |
| xą́wi=wáxca huskaíja nánka | these flowers on the prairie |
| ník cágenik nángere | these children |
| ka | over there |
| -ra | these |
| -ri | these |
| te | right here |
| té-e, tä-ä, pl. etétena | this |
| ník cágenik té-e | this child |
| wánik má-e | this bird |
| wánik tá-e | this bird |
| wánik tiną́kre | these birds |
| wánigeka ahúta | the wing of that bird |
| wánigenaka ahúta | the wings of those birds |
| Wažéža honitį́na. | I give something to you. |
| Wažéža wa kų́na. | I give something to him. |
| Wažána hiža wogáre. | You give something to them. |
| né | I; thou (you) |
| e | he, she; they |
| néwa | we |
| niénine | you (sg. or pl.?) |
| woníno háwina | many of you |
| hupórora hintekšána | my knee is sore |
| hupórora tékšana | his, her knee is sore |
| hupórora nitékšana | your knee is sore |
| hupórora hintekwína | our knees are sore |
| hupórora nitekwín(a) | your knees are sore |
| hupórora tek'hiténa, tek'hiréna | their knees are sore |
(1) belonging to the subject (alienable property), animals owned.
Singular |
|
| šúnk níhara | my dog |
| šúnk nínaga | your dog |
| šúnk níhira | his, her dog |
Plural |
|
| šúnk nihíwida | our dog |
| šúnk nínawiga | your dog |
| šúnk nihítera, nihírera | their dog |
Singular |
|
| šúnk ká-a ne nihána | that dog is mine |
| šúnk ká ne ninána | that dog is thine |
| šúnk ka-a e nihína | that dog is his, hers |
Plural |
|
| šúnk ka ne niháwina | that dog is ours |
| šúnk ka-a ne nináwina | that dog is yours |
| šúnk ká-a e nihiténa | that dog is theirs |
The plural of subject-noun of No 1 is inflected as follows:
Singular |
|
| šúnk níwahara | my dogs |
| šúnk níwaraga | your dogs |
| šúnk níwahira | his, her dogs |
Plural |
|
| šúnk niwahíwira | our dogs |
| šúnk niwaráwiga | your dogs |
| šúnk niwahítera | their dogs |
Singular |
|
| šúnk ká-a ne níwahana | these dogs are mine |
| šúnk ká-a ne níwarana | these dogs are yours |
| šúnk ká-a e niwahína | these dogs are his, hers |
Plural |
|
| šúnk ká-a ne niwaháwina | these dogs are ours |
| šúnk ká-a ne niwarawina | these dogs are yours |
| šúnk ká-a e niwahirina | these dogs are theirs |
(2) referring to inanimate objects, to parts of the human or animal body, one's children, etc.
Singular |
|
| ną́pą hánina | my basket |
| ną́pą hacínina | your basket |
| ną́pą e-anína | his, her basket |
Plural |
|
| ną́pą haníwina | our basket (not baskets) |
| ną́pą haciníwina | your basket |
| ną́pą hanínera | their basket |
Singular |
|
| ną́pą te (te-é) niánina | this basket is mine |
| ną́pą té-e nia cinína | this basket is thine |
| ną́pą té-e e hanína | this basket is his, hers |
Plural |
|
| ną́pą té-e ne haníwira | this basket is ours |
| ną́pą té-e ne haciniwina | this basket is yours |
| ną́pą té-e e hanínena | this basket is theirs |
Singular |
|
| ną́pą wánina | my baskets |
| ną́pą wašínina | your baskets |
| ną́pą wanína | his, her baskets |
Plural |
|
| ną́pą wániwina | our baskets |
| ną́pą wašiníwina | your baskets |
| ną́pą wanínera | their baskets |
Singular |
|
| ną́pą té-e ne wánina | these baskets are mine |
| ną́pą té-e ne wašinira | these baskets are yours |
| ną́pą té-e e wanína | these baskets are his, hers |
Plural |
|
| ną́pą té-e ne hiwániwina | these baskets are ours |
| ną́pą té-e ne wašiniwina | these baskets are yours |
| ną́pą té-e e waninéna | these baskets are theirs |
(3) Relationships:
Singular/Singular |
|
| tékaka | my uncle |
| hitékraga | your uncle |
| hitégra | his uncle |
Plural/Singular |
|
| hiték hihíwita | our uncle |
| hiték ráwiga | your uncle |
| hiték hirera | their uncle |
Singular/Plural |
|
| hiték wáhara | my uncles |
| hiték wáraga | your uncles |
| hiték wáhira | his uncles |
Plural/Plural |
|
| hiték hįwahiwira | our uncles |
| hiték waráwiga | your uncles |
| hiték wahírera | their uncles |
Singular |
|
| ká-a ne ték'han | that is my uncle |
| ká-a ne tégran | that is your uncle |
| ká-a e tek'hína | that is his, her uncle |
Plural |
|
| ká-a nei tek háwina | that is our uncle |
| ká-a nei tek ráwina | that is your uncle |
| ká-a ei tek hirena | that is their uncle |
Singular |
|
| ká-a nei tek wahára | those are my uncles |
| ká-a ne (nei) tek warána | those are your uncles |
| ká-a ei tek wahína | those are his, her uncles |
Plural |
|
| ká-a nei tek hiwahíwina | those are our uncles |
| ká-a nei tek warawína | those are your uncles |
| ká-a ei tek wáhirena | those are their uncles |
| rajéna | than |
| nisérecána | you are tall |
| ne niseréc rajéna | you are taller than he |
| nišána nisérec šána | you are the tallest |
Interjections and Exclamations
| kóra! | say! (used by men; calling somebody's attention) |
| nikate! | say! (used by women) |
| Hacínža šánakše? | Where are you (sitting)? |
| Hacínža hówa šéreže? | Where are you going? |
| Péže? | Who? |
| Péže éja hašcaže? | Whom did you see over there? |
| Péže héteže? | Who is he? |
| Péže heréreže? | Who are they? |
| Péže horakíteze? | To whom did you speak? |
| Péže níneže? | Who are you? (sg) |
| Péže ninewize? | Who are you? (pl) |
| Péže warakeže? | Of whom did you speak? |
| Péže wíneže? | Who am I? |
| Péže winéwiže? | Who are we? |
| Šúnk=xate hacínža céga hamižánakše? | Which (of the many) horses did you ride? |
| Šúnk=xate cagúža hamižánakše? | What horse (not seen) did you ride? |
| Cáku hižéže? | What did you say? |
| Hí´ke wažą́ hihánina. | I said nothing. |
| Cakúže warakéže? | Of what things did you speak? |
| Cáku ní-uže? | What is the matter with you? |
| Hita hinték mákšena. | I have a toothache (lying). |
| Cáku-ų hišą́waxše? | Why do you ask? |
| Wokónegra hacínža hingigínakše? | Where is my hat (sitting, hanging)? |
| Wónaži=xáte té-e péže hániže? | Whose coat is this? |
| Cáska | kíske? |
| How much | alike? |
What is the price? |
|
| Žúrara | cánega | wicurų́že? |
| Money | how much | did you spend? |
How much money did you spend? |
||
| Mą́ | cánaha | rániže? |
| Years | how many | are you? |
How old are you? |
||
| Mą́ | kérepaną | jóp | hánega | tani | ášena. |
| Years | ten | four | and | three | over. |
(I am) 43 years old. |
|||||
| Wókonak | horakánek | rajéga | péže | hániže? |
| Hat | you have on | is that | who | owns it? |
Whose hat have you on? |
||||
| Cájiga hanína. | ||||
| [It is] my father's. |
| Šúnk | céra | ną́wacagera | hat'ámpšana. |
| Dog | the | the fence | jumped over (or through). |
The dog jumped over the fence. |
|||
| Papáxkera | cánega | šuruwiže? |
| Chickens | how many | did you buy? |
How many chickens did you buy? |
||
| Xé | hagéja | nąžiwína. |
We stand on a hill. |
||
See the Hocąk-English Interlinear Text, The Markings on the Moon, Version 2
| Wánk | gá-a | wámąnökéža | hedeže | airéna. |
| Man | that | thief | he is | they say. |
They say that that man is a thief. |
||||
| Hopáža | hajanúnge | tánana |
| I am sick | although | I can go |
Although I am sick, I can go. |
||
| Nížu | canúnge | hínke | wánga toke | niktehi wina na |
| It rains | although | not | we wet | not get |
Although it rains, we do not get wet. |
||||
| Watuyą išéna. | |
| I buy something. |
| Kereponé-iža | xáwani | hána. |
| Ten | lost | I |
I lost ten (dollars). |
||
| Hócincénik | nánka | naíža | hotínankšana. |
| Boys | these | a tree | climb. |
These boys are climbing a tree. |
|||
| Hócincénik | nánka | t'ámb=nánkšena. |
| Boys | these | are coming down. |
These boys are coming down. |
||
| Wónažina | niéja | wákanakšena | égi | níwaža | hituzána. |
| My shirt | in the water | I put into | and | soap | washed with. |
I put my shirt into water and washed it with soap. |
|||||
| Hį́ke | máhi | wážą | wóruckus | wát'ump niąjéna. |
| No | knife | something | I have not got. | |
I have no knife in my pocket. |
||||
| Hížą | šúnk=xátera | má-ikinųgi | wamanukéža | wa=ų́na. |
| Someone | horse | took, stole from me | thief | he was. |
The one who stole my horse is a thief. |
||||
| Hi-ų́nc | hihíwita | wángregi | náxgre. |
| Father | our | above | the one who is. |
Our Father who art in heaven. |
|||
Comparative Material
/t/ of Dakota changes into /c/ in Winnebago: tánka great, large: cank, cunk in šúnkcank wolf; Hócank tribal name of a Winnegago; nawácank, -cank, a fort, fortification; wakán-cank: performers of mysteries.
ti, pl. & sg. típi house, Osage, Winn. cí. cinegra, city (cí nánkara, reportedly from cínegra, refers to the shape of the buildings. Dorsey); šúnkúci, doghouse.
ho: voice & speech, language, Dak. ho, voice; iⁿ-ape tokáheiya, old, archaic speech or language. Hocánk is those of the archaic speech. (contr. tokáya). hó-a of the spoken wá, /w/ Winnebago (/h/ is weakly pronounced there). Dorsey. Compare the connection between huá, Aztec great, large, and huehue, wáwe, old.
Rev. Wm. Hamilton in his Iowa Grammar, 1848, says: "The Winnebagoes are called Hó-taŋka, "big voices," in Dakota; Hú=tañga in Ponka.
In many languages thousand is the great or old hundred. Atsúli, old, aged, ancestor, in Creek; adsulaíji, old, elderly. Lg. 10, 38, 'most ancient' stands here for "bravest," "most respected" (náknosi hiciti) — an analogous association of ideas; virtue from vir, male. Lg. II, 163. One hundred in Tuskaróra is kayasti (ka- it, yast, stem meaning person, the body (both sexes), -i full, complete); one thousand is there: (eñci, numeral one, u- gender sign, neuter, yaste stem for person): eñci uháste in Tuskarora. In 100 & 1000, Tusk. differs from all other N. York Iroq. dialects.
Notes
"waxopíni" — literally, "spirit," as could be appreciated from Gatschet's earlier mention of (wa)xop'íni žižík, "bad spirits." Xop denotes a certain frenetic supernatural power. The first element wa- probably comes from waką, "holy." Originally, the spirits were "those who possessed the holiest xop power. The pí that was added means "good," showing that the word once designated good spirits. However, it soon came to be broadened to include certain spirits that were generally deemed bad, or at least morally ambiguous, so the term for spirits generally became waxop'íni. A similar process can be seen in Indo-European by comparing the Old Icelandic Æsir, "the supreme gods," with its Sanskrit cognate Asura, "demons, gods of evil."
The Hocągara first encountered the French in 1634, when Nicollet landed near Red Banks. Nicollet thought he might in fact find some Chinese in these regions, and so dressed appropriately by donning Chinese robes. When he landed he fired his two flint-lock pistols, creating panic among the women and children, who fled into the forest. The warriors held their ground, one even walking up to him and putting tobacco on his forehead as a sign of worship. The discharge of his guns and his bizarre dress created the impression with this warrior and no doubt generally, they he was a Thunderbird come to earth. It is apparently for this reason that the French were called waxop'íni-ga, "Spirit People."
"120 years old" — this is something of a perfect number: 120 = 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10 + 11 + 12 + 13 + 14 + 15.
Albert Samuel Gatschet, Linguistic and Ethnological Material on the Winnebago, Manuscript 1989-a (Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution National Anthropological Archives, 1889, 1890-1891) 1 - 104.
Informants: Reuben David St. Cyr (b. 1864), and his father, John Michael St. Cyr.
Reproduced with the permission of the National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution. However, the contents are in the public domain and may be freely copied, distributed, and published.