The Wonághire Wâkcik, or Warrior, Clan is a small clan (formerly known as the Hawk Clan) that belongs to the Upper or Sky Moiety. Wonághire Wâkcik means, "Men of War," a term alluding to their special warrior functions. What those functions were is a matter of controversy. Some say that they had a special lodge, the War Lodge, set up at the northwest corner of villages that contained warrior regalia and at least occasionally held captives. [1] The War Lodge could be used as a meeting place for warriors from the whole tribe. If a prisoner fled to the War Lodge, he would immediately be put to death. [2] At least some members of the clan claimed special privileges on the warpath, including being excused from some of the normal spiritual preparations. Others make special claims with respect to fire that would seem to imply that they ought to be the chief clan. This is seen in the lyrics of their clan songs:

The fire they started,
The fire they started;
The fire they started,
The fire they started.

The blue flame they caused to start,
The blue flame they caused to start;
The blue flame they caused to start,
The blue flame they caused to start.

(The blue part of the flame is the closest to the source.) [3]

The following are some of the names given people in the Warrior Clan:

The name Waciwirukanaga actually refers to the taking of revenge after a defeat. [4]

At death a clansman had three horizontal lines painted across his forehead, in order, black-red-black. His mouth might also be surrounded with a red line. In times of war the red marks were made with human blood. [5]

(36) And Earthmaker created four men. They descended to earth. They made a streak like the day when they came down. They landed there at Within Lake (Green Bay). They alighted on a tree. They alighted on four branches. Then they landed on the ground. They began to walk towards the east. They set up the camping place. They started a fire. It was the principal fire; and they went hunting. They hunted for food. The first man failed, and so he sent a second man. (37) He did not bring an animal being, he brought a man, and so they called the second man, "the Man of War." Thus it was and they also went towards the chief's lodge. They walked as chiefs. All four of them went there. Outside the chief's lodge, there they went into an oval lodge. There they sat down and thus it was. One came and peeped in. It was a dog at the door. He stuck himself in with his nose only. ... [6]

In heaven Earthmaker made four men in the form of birds and sent them down to earth at Within Lake (Green Bay). They descended upon a single tree, each one landing on a different branch. When they camped, they built a fire. The second brother, whom they called "Warrior," was sent out to search for food when the other brothers could find none. Since he couldn't find an animal, he brought back a man. Thus the clan has a name, "He Who Eats Humans." All four brothers came as chiefs to the oval lodge that had been set up for the supreme leader. An Eagle people feast was organized. The Snake people were to get the food and the Deer people were to act as attendants. The Snakes brought back two fish, and when they ate the fish, they left the head and tail on either side. Thus, they have the dog name, "Leaves Fish on Both Ends." As they sat in the lodge a dog peeped in so that only his nose showed. And they said, "Whose nose does it look like?" Thus they have the dog name, "Whose Nose does it Look Like." In time their feathers wore off and they became human. Then, as they prepared to enter the chief's lodge at Red Banks, the chief passed the fire to the Deer Clan who purified the lodge with the smoke of red cedar leaves [inset]. Then they entered and all (four?) of them lived as chiefs. The Upper Moiety taught the Lower Moiety how to live as Earthmaker had ordained. [7]

Commentary. Version 1 is almost identical to Version 2, except that the latter has references to personal and dog names missing in the former version.

"Leaves Fish on Both Ends" -- the members of the Hawk Clan, when they ate the fish served by the Snake Clan at the feast of their kindred Eagle Clan, ate only the center, leaving the head and tail severed on the plate. The head and tail of fish and snakes, since they are horizontal, are on the same plain, one being no higher than the other. Thus the head and tail are equally peripheral among them, whereas elsewhere the head is high and identified with the center. Thus in leaving the head and tail of the fish, one leaves unambiguous symbols of the periphery. Since the Hawk clansmen internalized the central part of the fish, the part that represents the center as opposed to the periphery, they have symbolically claimed that center for themselves. By making this name, "Leaves Fish on Both Ends" as a dog name, they make a subtle allusion. The Thunder Clan makes much in their own origin myth of being in opposition to the dog/wolf. The wolf is the last to enter into the social contract by which the Hotcâk nation is founded. It does so by hanging about the periphery, and is only gradually coaxed into the society of the Thunders. Being the last and being peripheral are temporal and spatial analogues of one another. One is the edge in time, the other the edge in space. Therefore, the contrast of the Thunder Clan with the Wolf Clan is the contrast of the center with the periphery. The Thunderbirds view the Wolf Clan as its opposite by virtue of the fact that the wolf and dog are the most peripheral of animals. The peripheral is the low, so that the wolf = the low. The wolf is the last of the clans because the Thunderbirds separate the high from the low, so in relation to the Thunderbirds, by virtue of their peripheral natures, they must be the lowest. This goes towards justifying the status of the Thunder Clan as the Chief Clan. That the name "Leaves Fish on Both Ends" is a dog name, recalls this relationship between the Thunder Clan and the Wolf Clan. This is the same relationship that holds between the Hawk Clan and the Fish and Snake Clans, a relationship expressed in the treatment that the Hawk clansmen give to the fish tendered them by the Snake Clan. The Fish is the lowest of the clans along with the Snake. The Hawk treats the fish analogously: the fish is the lowest of animals, found only in the depths of the waters. Therefore, since the low = the peripheral, the fish is the most peripheral of animals (with the snake being its land equivalent). The Hawk separates the center from the periphery with respect to the fish, thus rendering it low.

Comparative Material. The leaving of the fish bisected on the plate is the Hotcâk analogue (to a significant degree) of the Bisected Man ritual of Eurasia. This was designed to secure safety for those who performed the rite. This ritual consisted of cutting a man in two who represented, or was, the enemy. The two halves of his body were placed on either side of the road over which the troops marched in their campaign against the enemy. Thus, the whole man becomes peripheral. Thus, the enemy is peripheral in relation to the troops, as well as the road upon which they tread (= center). But the peripheral is the counterpart of the low, since the high is identical to the center. Therefore, the enemy is made, by this means, low, since he is peripheral. Therefore the ritual is one of the subjugation of an enemy by making him metonymically peripheral, and therefore lower than those with whom he enters into this relation. Thus, the enemy is subordinated. This appears to occur in Greek mythology. Apollodorus (3.13.7) tells us, "After that Peleus, with Jason and the Dioskouri, laid waste Iolcus; and he slaughtered Astydamia, the wife of Acatus [the ruler of Iolcus], and, having divided her limb from limb, he led the army through her into the city." It was more usually employed as a rite of purification, to escape the danger of miasma. The pollution occasioned by the troops having killed the enemy, is countered by restoring the equilibrium. The ritual pollution has put the troops at the periphery of society, as when we see homicide punished by the ostracism of outlawry. But by taking what was killed and putting it into the periphery, while the killers reorient themselves with respect to it as the proper occupants of the center, they have corrected the disequilibrium and restored themselves to the center of the society. This form of ritual purification is very widespread. [8] Of interest is the fact that the enemy prisoner could be replaced by a dog. Curtius tells us that the Macedonian army was purified by marching between the severed halves of a dog. [9] Plutarch states that the other Greeks also practiced this rite: "In Boiotia the ceremony of public purification is to pass between the parts of a dog which has been cut in twain." [10] The use of a dog for this purpose was also known to the Romans. [11] Among the Hotcâgara, eating can be used as a symbolism of conquest. In the Fast Eating Contest, the participants eat every morsel of food quickly to symbolize (and cause) the "eating up" of the enemy who is to be faced on the warpath. If any morsel is left uneaten, it is taken to mean that one of the men given the warparty by the spirits will escape his fate. The Hawk Clan is also the Warrior Clan, and its first born is named "Man Eater", which redraws the connection between eating and war. In the Eurasian ritual, the warriors walk between the symbols of the periphery, making themselves into the center; in the Hotcâk, those who are the center eat the central portion, in some sense literally making themselves into the center. In one case it is the enemy who is bifurcated, in the second it is the totem animal of the competing clan that is severed in two.

Links: Earthmaker, Wonághire Wâkcik, The Creation Council, Thunderbirds.

Stories: alluding to the Wonághire Wâkcik (Warrior or Hawk) Clan: Thunderbird Clan Origin Myth, Berdache Origin Myth, Pigeon Clan Origins, The Creation Council; about (the origins of) the Hotcâk clans: Hotcâk Clans Origin Myth, Bird Clan Origin Myth, Thunderbird Clan Origin Myth, Story of the Thunder Names, Eagle Clan Origin Myth, Pigeon Clan Origins, Waterspirit Clan Origin Myth, Bear Clan Origin Myth, Buffalo Clan Origin Myth, The Elk Clan Origin Myth, Deer Clan Origin Myth, Wolf Clan Origin Myth, Snake Clan Origins, Fish Clan Origins; mentioning hawks: Old Man and White Feathers, Holy One and His Brother, The Boy who was Captured by the Bad Thunderbirds, Spear Shaft and Lacrosse, The Thunderbird, Partridge's Older Brother, Creation Council, The Woman who Loved her Half-Brother, Warughápara, The Race for the Chief's Daughter; about Bird Spirits: Crane and His Brothers, The King Bird, Bird Origin Myth, Bird Clan Origin Myth, Wears White Feathers on His Head, Old Man and White Feathers, The Boy who was Captured by the Bad Thunderbirds, The Thunderbird, Owl Goes Hunting, The Boy Who Became a Robin, Partridge's Older Brother, The Woman who Loved Her Half-Brother, The Foolish Hunter, Ocean Duck, Earthmaker Sends Rucewe to the Twins, The Quail Hunter, Baldheaded Warclub Origin Myth, The Hotcâk Arrival Myth, Trickster Gets Pregnant, Trickster and the Geese, Holy One and His Brother (kaghi, woodpeckers, hawks), Porcupine and His Brothers (Ocean Sucker), Turtle's Warparty (Thunderbirds, eagles, kaghi, pelicans, sparrows), Kaghíga and Lone Man (kaghi), The Old Man and the Giants (kaghi, bluebirds), The Bungling Host (snipe, woodpecker), The Red Feather, Trickster, the Wolf, the Turtle, and the Meadow Lark, Warughápara, The Race for the Chief's Daughter, Black and White Moons, The Markings on the Moon, The Creation Council, He Who Eats the Stinking Part of the Deer Ankle, Earthmaker Blesses Wagícega (Wecgícega), Hare Acquires His Arrows, Keramanic'aka's Blessing (black hawk, owl), Worúxega (eagle), The Arrows of the Medicine Rite Men (eagle), The Gift of Shooting (eagle), Hotcâk Clans Origin Myth, The Hotcâk Migration Myth, Blue Jay, The Baldness of the Buzzard, The Abduction and Rescue of Trickster (buzzards), The Shaggy Man (kaghi), The Medicine Rite Foundation Myth (kaghi), Spear Shaft and Lacrosse, Îtcorúcika and His Brothers (Loon), Great Walker's Medicine (loon), Roaster (woodsplitter), The Spirit of Gambling, The Big Stone (a partridge), Trickster's Anus Guards the Ducks, The Fleetfooted Man, The Journey to Spiritland (v. 4) -- see also Thunderbirds; mentioning Thunderbirds: The Thunderbird, Warughápara, How the Thunders Met the Nights, The Boy who was Captured by the Bad Thunderbirds, Traveler and the Thunderbird War, The Boulders of Devil's Lake, Thunderbird and White Horse, Bluehorn's Nephews, How the Hills and Valleys were Formed (vv. 1, 2), The Man who was a Reincarnated Thunderbird, The Thunder Charm, The Lost Blanket, The Twins Disobey Their Father, The Thunderbird Clan Origin Myth, Story of the Thunder Names, Eagle Clan Origin Myth, Pigeon Clan Origins, Bird Clan Origin Myth, Adventures of Redhorn's Sons, Brave Man, Ocean Duck, Turtle's Warparty, The Daughter-in-Law's Jealousy, The Quail Hunter, The Twins Join Redhorn's Warparty, Redhorn's Sons, The Dipper, The Stone that Became a Frog, The Race for the Chief's Daughter, Redhorn Contests the Giants, The Sons of Redhorn Find Their Father, The Warbundle of the Eight Generations, Medicine Rite Foundation Myth, Origin of the Hotcâk Chief, The Spirit of Gambling, Wolf Clan Origin Myth, Aratcgéga's Blessings, Kunu's Warpath, The Orphan who was Blessed with a Horse, The Nightspirits Bless Tciwoit'éhiga, The Green Waterspirit of the Wisconsin Dells, Baldheaded Warclub Origin Myth, The Big Stone, The Origins of the Milky Way; featuring Earthmaker as a character: The Creation of the World, The Creation of Man, The Commandments of Earthmaker, The Twins Get into Hot Water, The Twins Retrieve Red Star's Head, The Lost Blanket, The First Snakes, Tobacco Origin Myth, The Creation Council, The Gray Wolf Origin Myth, The Journey to Spiritland, The Resurrection of the Chief's Daughter, The Seven Maidens, The Descent of the Drum, Thunder Cloud Marries Again, The Spider's Eyes, The Boy who was Blessed by a Mountain Lion, Fourth Universe, Cûgepaga, The Fatal House, The Twin Sisters, Thunderbird Clan Origin Myth, Elk Clan Origin Myth, Deer Clan Origin Myth, Bear Clan Origin Myth, Wolf Clan Origin Myth, The Masaxe War, The Two Children, Medicine Rite Foundation Myth, The Petition to Earthmaker, The Gift of Shooting, Baldheaded Warclub Origin Myth, Bluehorn's Nephews, The Stone Heart, The Wild Rose, Earthmaker Sends Rucewe to the Twins, The Lame Friend, How the Hills and Valleys were Formed, The Hotcâk Migration Myth, The Necessity for Death, Hotcâk Clans Origin Myth, The War among the Animals, Lake Winnebago Origin Myth, Blue Mound, Lost Lake, The Hotcâgara Migrate South, The Spirit of Gambling, Turtle and the Giant, The Shawnee Prophet -- What He Told the Hotcâgara, The Hotcâgara Contest the Giants, Ghost Dance Origin Myth II, Bird Origin Myth, Black and White Moons, Redhorn's Sons, Holy Song, The Reincarnated Grizzly Bear, The Blessings of the Buffalo Spirits, Death Enters the World, Man and His Three Dogs, Trickster Concludes His Mission, Story of the Thunder Names, The Origins of the Milky Way, Trickster and the Dancers, Ghost Dance Origin Myth I, East Enters the Medicine Lodge, The Blessing of Kerexûsaka; about the Creation Council: Thunderbird Clan Origin Myth, Tobacco Origin Myth, Bear Clan Origin Myth, Elk Clan Origin Myth, Waterspirit Clan Origin Myth, Buffalo Clan Origin Myth, Deer Clan Origin Myth, Wolf Clan Origin Myth, Origin of the Winnebago Chief, Hotcâk Clans Origin Myth, Buffalo Dance Origin Myth, Snake Clan Origins; mentioning red cedar (juniper, waxcútc): The Journey to Spiritland, vv. 4, 5 (used to ascend to Spiritland), The Seer (sacrificial knife), Redhorn's Sons (coronet of Thunders, lodge), Aratcgéga's Blessings (coronet of Thunders), The Twins Disobey Their Father (trees found on cliffs of Thunders), Partridge's Older Brother (smoke fatal to evil spirit), The Creation Council (purifying smoke), The Dipper (incense), Sun and the Big Eater (arrow), The Brown Squirrel (arrow), Hare Kills a Man with a Cane (log used as weapon); set at Red Banks (Mógacútc): The Creation Council, Annihilation of the Hotcâgara II, The Great Lodge, Thunderbird Clan Origin Myth, vv. 1, 2, 3, 5, Bear Clan Origin Myth, vv. 2a, 3, 8, The Winnebago Fort, Blue Bear, Waterspirit Clan Origin Myth, The Hotcâk Arrival Myth, The Creation of Man, v. 10, Pigeon Clan Origins, fr. 1, Eagle Clan Origin Myth, Elk Clan Origin Myth, v. 1, Deer Clan Origin Myth, v. 1, Buffalo Clan Origin Myth, Blessing of the Yellow Snake Chief, Gatschet's Hotcank hit'e ("St. Peet", "Hotcâk Origins"), The Shell Anklets Origin Myth, v. 1, The Seven Maidens, Big Thunder Teaches Tcap'ósgaga the Warpath; set at De Rok, "Within Lake" (Green Bay): Waterspirit Clan Origin Myth, Thunderbird Clan Origin Myth, vv. 1, 2, 3, Story of the Thunder Names, Deer Clan Origin Myth, v. 1, Bear Clan Origin Myth, v. 4, The Seven Maidens, Ioway & Missouria Origins, Blessing of the Yellow Snake Chief, Great Walker's Warpath, The Annihilation of the Hotcâgara I, v. 2, The Fox-Hotcâk War, v. 2, The Creation Council, Gatschet's Hotcank hit'e; mentioning feasts: Thunderbird Clan Origin Myth (Chief Feast), The Creation Council (Eagle Feast), Waterspirit Clan Origin Myth (Waterspirit Feast), Bear Clan Origin Myth (Bear Feast), The Woman Who Fought the Bear (Bear Feast), Grandfather's Two Families (Bear Feast), Wolf Clan Origin Myth (Wolf Feast), Buffalo Clan Origin Myth (Buffalo Feast), The Blessings of the Buffalo Spirits (Buffalo Feast), Buffalo Dance Origin Myth (Buffalo Feast), He Who Eats the Stinking Part of the Deer Ankle (Buffalo Feast), The Blessing of Cokeboka (Feast to the Buffalo Tail), Snake Clan Origins (Snake Feast), Blessing of the Yellow Snake Chief (Snake Feast), The Thunderbird (for the granting of a war weapon), Turtle's Warparty (War Weapons Feast, Warpath Feast), Porcupine and His Brothers (War Weapons Feast), Earthmaker Blesses Wagícega (Wecgícega) (Winter Feast = Warbundle Feast), Big Thunder Teaches Tcap'ósgaga the Warpath (Winter Feast = Warbundle Feast), The Boy who was Blessed by a Mountain Lion (Winter Feast = Warbundle Feast), White Thunder's Warpath (Winter Feast = Warbundle Feast), The Fox-Hotcâk War (Winter Feast = Warbundle Feast), Baldheaded Warclub Origin Myth (Warpath Feast), Kunu's Warpath (Warpath Feast), Trickster's Warpath (Warpath Feast), The Masaxe War (Warpath Feast), Redhorn's Sons (Warpath Feast, Fast-Breaking Feast), The Girl who Refused a Blessing from the Wood Spirits (Fast-Breaking Feast), The Chief of the Herok'a (Sick Offering Feast), The Dipper (Sick Offering Feast, Warclub Feast), The Four Slumbers Origin Myth (Four Slumbers Feast), The Journey to Spiritland (Four Slumbers Feast), Spear Shaft and Lacrosse (unspecified).

Themes: red as a symbolic color: The Journey to Spiritland (hill, willows, reeds, smoke, stones, haze), The Gottschall Head (mouth), The Chief of the Herok'a (clouds, side of Forked Man), The Red Man (face, sky, body, hill), Spear Shaft and Lacrosse (neck, nose, painted stone), Redhorn's Father (leggings, stone sphere, hair), The Sons of Redhorn Find Their Father (hair, body paint, arrows), Wears White Feathers on His Head (man), The Birth of the Twins (turkey bladder headdresses), The Two Boys (elk bladder headdresses), Trickster and the Mothers (sky), Rich Man, Boy, and Horse (sky), The Blessings of the Buffalo Spirits (Buffalo Spirit), Bluehorn Rescues His Sister (buffalo head), Wazûka (buffalo head headdress), The Baldheaded Warclub Origin Myth (horn), The Brown Squirrel (protruding horn), Bear Clan Origin Myth (funerary paint), Deer Clan Origin Myth (funerary paint), Thunderbird Clan Origin Myth (stick at grave), Pigeon Clan Origins (Thunderbird lightning), Trickster's Anus Guards the Ducks (eyes), Hare Retrieves a Stolen Scalp (scalp, woman's hair), The Race for the Chief's Daughter (hair), The Daughter-in-Law's Jealousy (hair), Redhorn's Sons (hair), Redhorn Contests the Giants (hair), The Woman's Scalp Medicine Bundle (hair), A Wife for Knowledge (hair), He Who Eats the Stinking Part of the Deer Ankle (hair), The Hotcâgara Contest the Giants (hair of Giantess), A Man and His Three Dogs (wolf hair), The Red Feather (plumage), The Man who was Blessed by the Sun (body of Sun), Red Bear, Eagle Clan Origin Myth (eagle), The Shell Anklets Origin Myth (Waterspirit armpits), The Twins Join Redhorn's Warparty (Waterspirits), The Roaster (body paint), The Man who Defied Disease Giver (red spot on forehead), The Wild Rose (rose), The Medicine Rite Foundation Myth (warclub), Îtcorúcika and His Brothers (ax & packing strap), Hare Kills Flint (flint), The Twins Retrieve Red Star's Head (edges of flint knives), The Mulberry Picker (leggings), The Seduction of Redhorn's Son (cloth), Yûgiwi (blanket); anthropophagy and cannibalism: A Giant Visits His Daughter, Turtle and the Giant, The Were-Grizzly, Grandfather's Two Families, The Roaster, Redhorn's Father, The Lost Blanket, Young Man Gambles Often, White Wolf, The Shaggy Man, The Twins Get into Hot Water, Partridge's Older Brother, The First Fox and Sauk War, The Fox-Hotcâk War, The Hotcâgara Contest the Giants, Morning Star and His Friend, Baldheaded Warclub Origin Myth, The Seven Maidens, Cûgepaga, The Reincarnated Grizzly Bear, The Woman who Loved Her Half-Brother, The Blessing of a Bear Clansman, Shakes the Earth, The Stone Heart, Thunder Cloud is Blessed; the Thunders seek to eat a human being: Bluehorn's Nephews, The Adventures of Redhorn's Sons, The Boy who was Captured by the Bad Thunderbirds; animals evolve into humans: Wolves and Humans; having a role in starting the first fire: The Thunderbird Clan Origin Myth, Deer Clan Origin Myth (v. 2); clan names arise from incidents attendant upon the founding of the clan by its Animal Spirit progenitors: Thunderbird Clan Origin Myth, v. 1, Story of the Thunder Names, Eagle Clan Origin Myth, Bear Clan Origin Myth, vv. 2a, 4, 7, Deer Clan Origin Myth, Wolf Clan Origin Myth, vv. 1, 4, Snake Clan Origins.

Notes:

[1] Paul Radin, The Winnebago Tribe (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1990 [1923]) 170.

[2] Oliver LaMère, "Clan Organization of the Winnebago," Publications of the Nebraska State Historical Society, 19 (1919): 86-94 (89). Oliver LaMère was a member of the Bear Clan.

[3] Radin, The Winnebago Tribe, 170-172.

[4] Nancy Oestreich Lurie, "A Check List of Treaty Signers by Clan Affiliation," Journal of the Wisconsin Indians Research Institute, 2, #1 (June, 1966): 50-73.

[5] Radin, The Winnebago Tribe, 170-172.

[6] Untitled Clan Myth (Hotcâk-English Interlinear) in Paul Radin, Winnebago Notebooks, Winnebago V, #8, Freeman #3881 (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1908) 36-37.

[7] Radin, The Winnebago Tribe, 170-172.

[8] For examples form Siberia, China, and the Arabs, see Olivier Masson, "À propos d'un ritual hittite pour la lustration d’une armée: Le rite de purification par le passage entre les deux parties d'une victime," Revue de l’histoire des religions 137 (1950): 5-25. See also, Joseph Pitts, A true and faithful Account of the Religion and Manners of the Mohammetans (Exeter: 1704) 14; Sir James George Frazer, Folk-Lore in the Old Testament Studies in Comparative Religion Legend and Law (London: MacMillan and Co., 1918) 1:391-408; and Sir James George Frazer (trs.), Apollodorus, The Library. 2 vols. Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1979) 72-73, nt 1; Albrecht Goetze, “Warfare in Asia Minor,” Iraq 25 (1963): 129.

[9] Quintus Curtius, De gestis Alexandri Magni, 10.9.28. For discussions of the Macedonian rite, see Friederich Granier, Die makedonische Heeresversammlung (Munich: Beck, 1931): 22-24; Fritz Hellmann, "Zur Lustration des Makedonischen Heeres," Archiv für Religionswissenschaft 29 (1931): 202-203; Samson Eitrem, "A Purificatory Rite and some Allied Rites de Passage," Symbolæ Osloenses 25 (1947): 36-53;

[10] Plutarch, Mor. 290D; and the same is said at Quæstiones Romæ 111. See also Henk S. Versnel, "Sacrificium lustrale: The Death of Mettius Fufetius (Livy I, 28)" Studies in Roman Lustration-Ritual, Mededelingen van het Nederlandsch historisch Instituut te Rome 37 (1975): 1-19; W. Kendrick Pritchett, The Greek State at War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979) 3:197-202; Walter Burkert, Greek Religion (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985 [1977]) 82, 379 nt 66.

[11] Livy, 41.6.