Hocąk Text — The Elk's Skull

Hocąk Syllabic Text — The Elk's Skull

Told by an elder of the tribe in 1912

Transcribed by Sam Blowsnake

Translation based on the interlinear of Oliver LaMère

Version 1


Oliver LaMère, Translator		Winnebago V, #7: 318

For a description of this manuscript, its source, style, transcription, and interlinear translation, see the syllabic text to Trickster's Warpath.

English Translation

A Ai.	e tt.	Ao rKy d.	A xele deAe.	Ao rK
Hahi	éja	hosgaižą	haxebše.	Hosga
On the way	[there]	a valley*	he came.	Valley

*the translation originally had "in the valley", but crossed out "the" and wrote "a" above it.

p. 318 —

a K Ki nK Le Ki.	Le x Lo loAo Lo Ki d.	Ki ttK	Ai Le K tt.
akakinąkregi,	réǧarupórokižą	gijak	hiregają
across,	a (round) drum	to beat	they did and

A K L xe Ai Le Ki di.	wo Ki roKo.	w xe de.
hakaraxehiregiži,	wogizok	waxeže.
they were whooping [and]	very much	they made noise.

de Ko w K tt	A Ai xoKo deAe.	Ko L	tt xitti
Žegųwagają	hahixukše.	"Korá,	jaxjį
So much so	it reached up to the sky.	"Well,*	what

*the translation inserts after this word, "I wonder".

p. 319 —

o	Ai Ko Lo Ao w n	Ki di.	Ai tt	w w te Kette.
’ų	hikorohowaną,	giži.	Hija	wawatekje.
to do	they are about to	[.]	There	I will go over.

rii xitti	Ai K K.	w d.	wo d w	A ttA ni.
S’ixjį	hįkaga	wažą	wožáwa	hacanį.
For a long while	not	any	fun	I have not seen.

Ai Ko tt Ko*	o Ai Le Ktt n Ae	w o n Ki di
Higųjagu	’ųhirekjanahe,	wa’ųnąkiži
Whatever	they are about to do,	[doing it]

*the last /K/ is written over an /o/.

Ai tto Lo K o Kette	e de	w diAi	Ko Lo Ao Ai Le deKe.
hijoroga’ųkje,"	éže.	"Waši	korohohireške,
I will join them,"	he said.	"To dance	they are going (about to), also*

*the translation has, "if they are going to". Just before the word "going" the word "about" has been crossed out with a single horizontal line.

p. 320 —

Ai deKe	leAe diAi doAo no K tt*	aK deAe.	Ao rK L.
hišgé	pešišųnųgają,"	akše.	Hosgara
also	I used to dance,"	he was saying.	The valley

*there is a period after /leAe/. Normally the word for "I dance" would be paši or p’aši.

A Lo ttA Le K tt	di Ke	oy Le de.	di Ke.
harucaregają,	žigé	’ųįreže.	Žigé
when he was going across,	again	they did it.	Again

ttiAi wi tti Ke Le de.	A K L Ke Le Ki di.	Lo K n xitti de.
ciwįjikereže.	Hakarakeregiži,	rokanaxjįže.
there was a noise.	They all shouted, and	it was great.

p. 321 —

w d.	w KidiKi	Ae Kitti Kette Ki di.	A LK dAe.
Wažą	wąkšik	hekjįkjegiži,	harakše.
[Something]	people	a very great many will be there,	he was thinking.

Ai Ko	di Ke.	oyi Le de.	ttiAi w tti Ke Le Ki di.
Higų	žigé	’ųįreže.	Ciwajigeregiži,
[Yet]	again	they did it.	When the drum was hit,

de Ko.	m xiAi L.	Ao lA L dL tti Ke Le de.	A K L xe Ai Le Ki di.
žegų	mąxira	hoparašrajikereže.	Hakaraxehiregiži,
[then]	the heavens	they seemed to burst.	[When] they shouted at it,

p. 322 —

K tt K.	de Ko	A Ao Ao L	Lo K n Ki di.
gająga	žegų	hahuhura*	rokanagiži,
now	[then]	anxious	so [much] that

*Marino gives the form of this word as, hohuhura.

n Ki nK deAe.	a deKe niKi	w nK	no ni Ke
nąginąkše.	Aškenįk	wanąk,	nųnįgé
he began to run.	Very close	they were saying it,*	but

*after the word "it" there are two vertical lines separating it from the succeeding word "but".

Ai Ke	w KidiKi	ni Ke	w d	A tt ni de.
hįké	wąkšik	nįgé	wažą	hajanįže.
not	people	anywhere	any	he could not see.

p. 323 —

di Ke	oy Le de.	Lo K n de.	A K w d.	de Ko
Žigé	’ųįreže.	Rokanaže.	Hagáwažą	žegų
Again	they did it.	It was very great.	Ah, such a [thing]!	[then]

m xiAi L	Ao lA L dL tti Ke Le Ai Le de.	K tt.
mąxira	hoparašrajikerehireže,	gają.
the sky	it seemed to burst*	[.]

*the translation adds, "with joy".

Ai Ko	K tt K.	Ao Lo KLe Ki	deKe	owK
Higų	gająga	horokregi	ške	’uwąk
Even	now	in their midst	[also]	he was walking*

*after "he", the following is crossed out: "seemed to be".

w ow Ko ni	Ai Le w Ai	no ni Ke	Ai Ke
wa’ųwąkųnį	hiréwahi,	nųnįgé	hįké
[he was maybe]	it seemed,	but	not

p. 324 —

w d tt ni de.	e Ki.	w d	Ao deAe Le Ki d
wažąjanįže.*	Égi	wažą	hušerekižą
he did not see anything.	Here	some	a bone†

*< wažą-haja-nį-že.
†the translation adds, "of some animal".

nK deAe.	e Ki	w d	Ai L n i ni rKe de.	Ao w.
nąkše.	Égi	wažą	hiranąįnįskeže.	Hųwą́
it was lying.	Here	something	he seemed to notice.	Elk

lAyi d.	w o nK deAe.	Ae L.	Lo K n xitti de.
paižą	wa’ųnąkše.	Héra	rokanaxjįže.
a head	it was.	Horns	it had many.

p. 325 —

Ae L.	x x ttiAi de	de tt K.	liAi Ai*	we riAi wi de.
Héra	xaxaciže.	Žejąga	pįhí	wesįwįže.
The horns	they branched in every direction.	Now again	carefully	he watched it.

*the second /Ai/ is written over an erased /w/.

di Ke	oy Le de.	wo Ki roKo	wo d w de.
Žigé	’ųįreže.	wogizok	wožáwaže.
Again	they did it.	Very much	it was fun.

tt	Ao w	lA n KeLe	e Ki	w oyi Le de.†
Ja*	hųwą́	panąkere	égi	wa’ųįreže.
And	elk	the head	[here]	it happened.‡

*this word and its translation are highly suspect. It is probably the word éja (e tt) whose /e/ has been assimilated through external sandhi by the last syllable of the last word of the prior sentence. If this is correct, the word should be translated as "there".
†the /o/ is written over a highly smudged erasure, but is clearly visible nonetheless.
‡after the word "it", the word "was" has been crossed out and the /ed/ of "happened" has been written over two other letters (/in/?).

p. 326 —

w Ki Li diAili ttAo L.	Lo K n xitti de.	Lo KL.
Wakirišipcora	rokanaxjįže,	rogra
Flies	there were very many,	inside

p. 326 —

Aoyi xitti xitti	w o nK deAe.	Lo Ke tt	Ao K wy L n K.
hoixjįxjį	wa’ųnąkše.	Rogeja	hokawairanąga
(completely) filled	it was.	Inside	they would go and

Ai Ai nl n Ki Le K	w o nK deAe.	w xe	n xoKo tte K.
hihinąpnąkirega,	wa’ųnąkše,	waxe	nąxgųjega.
when they would rush out,	[they did]	shouting	he heard.

wo Lo xotto deAe.	wo Ki roKo	wo d w Ai	w o n Kede.
Woruxúcše.	wogizok	wožawahi	wa’ųnąkše.
He looked at them.	Very much	fun	they were having.

p. 327 —

w Ki liAi tte de.	tt Ko	Ai Ko tt Ko	o w o n Ki di.
Wagipiježe.	"Jagú	higųjagu	uwa’ųnąkiži,
He coveted (envied) them.	"Well,	whatever	they were doing,

Ao Lo K o Ktt ne de	Ai A o Ae d L.	tt rKe
horok’ųkjaneže.	Hiha’ųhežara,	'Jasgé
I would join them.	I was saying as I came,	'What

A Ki di	Ao Lo K o n Ko ni	Ai Ai L tte de.
hagiži	horok’ųnąkųnį'?"	hihiraježe.
I could do	to join them'?"	he was thinking.

p. 328 —

K tt K	we de.	Ko te	Ai roAo Ki tti wi L.	A K w d
Gająga	wéže,	"Koté	hisųkijiwira,	hagáwažą
Then	he said,	"Say	my younger brothers,	what (a) great

wo d w	L wi d.	A K w d.	w d	liAi	doo wi d.
wožáwa	rawiša,	hagáwažą	wažą	pį	š’uwiša.
fun	you are making,	what a great	thing	good	you are doing.

Ao Lo K o	deyi di y Le n.	tt rKe	L wiy n K	w doo
Horok’ų	žeižiyareną.	Jasgé	rawianąga	waš’ų
To be one of you	I wish very much.	How	[you do and]	to do this

p. 329 —

A L tte Ki di.	Ai L Ki Koro wi Ki di.*	Ai deKe
harajegiži,	hiragigųswigiži,	hišgé
if you are able,	if you show me how,	also

*/Ai/ is written over an erasure (/Ae/?).

Ao Lo K o n n.	w wi Ke de.	Ko te	Ao LoKo o
horok’ųnaną,"	wawigéže.	"Koté,	horok’ų
I would join you,"	he said to them.	"Say,	[to join together]*

*the translation has, "to do it".

wo tteAe xiAi de.	ttA K L.	dolo leKe tt	w K w wiy n K
wocexiže.	Cakara	žopekeja	wągawawianąga
trouble it is.	The neck	[at the hollow]	we enter it and

p. 330 —

w o A tt wi n	tt Ko	Ai dtt L tt wi K tt
wa’ųhajawiną,	jagú	hišjarajawigają,"
it is how we do it,	as	you have already seen,"

Ai Ky Le de.	ay Le Ki di.	Ai tto Ke we	n i K deKe.
higaireže.	Airegiži,	hijokewe	naįgašge
they said to him.	Thus they said	to enter	so he would try, but

Lo dak ra de.	w Lo Ko xitti	no ni Ke.
ruš’aks’aže.	Warugųxjį,	nųnįgé
he would fail.	He liked very much to do it,*	but

*after the word "liked", the word "it" has been crossed out.

p. 331 —

Ai Ke	w d	de rK ni de.	tt rKe
hįké	wažą	žesganįže.	"Jasgé
not	[anything]	he was not able.	"How

L wiy n K	Ai tt	Ao L K w L tt wi de.
rawianąga	hija	horakawarajwiže,
you do [and]	[there]	you manage to enter,

Ai rAo Ki tti wi L.	e de.	w KL.	A Lo Kere deAe.
hisųkijiwira?"	éže.	Wąkra	harugesše.
my younger brothers?"	he asked.	The man	he lacked,*

*"lacked" is written over an erasure. In the translation, the sentence reads, "Thus, man as he was, he lacked."

w Lo Ko no ni Ke.	e Ki	w Ky Le de.	Ko te
warugųnunige.	égi	wagaíreže.	"Koté,
although he longed to.	Then	they said to him,	"Say,

p. 332 —

Ai Ki Ao L Ke we Kette Ki di.	w deAe Kette n.
higihoragewekjegiži	wašekjeną,
if you wish to come in	just say,

ttA K L	dolo leKe L	xeAe te Le.	Ai deAe Ki di.
'Cakara	žopekra	xetere.'	hišegíži,
'Neck	[the hollow of]	become big.'	If you say it,

ttA K L	dolo leKe L.*	xeAe te tti tte Ktt ne n.	de Ko Ki di
cakara	žopekra	xetejijekjaneną.	Žegųgiži
the neck	[the hollow]	it will become big.	This way

*/lo leK/ is written over an erasure (KiK ?).

p. 333 —

Ai Ki Ao L K w n n.	de rKe	Ai A wiy n K	w o A tt wi n
higihoragawananą.	Žesge	hihawiyanąga	wa’ųhajawiną,"
you can come in.	That way	[we say and]	the way we do it,"

Ai Ky Le de.*	de tt K.	Ai tt tti n K n K.	tt K L
higaireže.	Žejąga	hijajinąkanąga,	"Cakara
they said to him.	So now	he sat down to it and,	"Neck

*the letter /A/ is partially written over an /a/ which has not been erased.

dolo leKe L.	xeAe te Le.	e K tt	ttA K L.
[the hollow]	xetere,"	egają	cakara
the hole (for the neck)	become big,"	he said, and	the neck

p. 334 —

dolo leKe	Ao loAo xL	xeAe te tti tte de.	n roAo L.
žopek	hopoxra	xetejiježe.	Nąsúra
[hollow]	the hole	it became big.	His head

Ao Ki liAi Ki di	Ai tto K w.	Aili deAe.	n roAo L.
hokipįgiži	hijokawa	hįpše,	nąsúra
it fit in so	he entered	[he reached and remained,]	his head

ttA deAe tt	Ai liA.	K tt	A ntt	Ai Ai nl n Ki Le de.
cašeją	hipi.	Gają	haną́c	hihinąpnąkireže,
his neck	up to.	Just then	all	they ran out,

p. 335 —

w Ki Li n KLe.	e Ki	Ao w tti Ao L.	xoAo no niKi Ki Li tte de.
wakirinąkre.	Égi	howajihura	xununįkiriježe.
[the insects.]*	Then	where he entered	it became small again.

*translated as "flies"; but this term is really more general, in fact, more general than "insects".

e tt	Ao Ki L ttAK Ki de.	o xitti	no ni Ke
Éja	hogiracagiže.	’ųxjį,	nųnįgé
There	he was held fast.	Very much he [did,]*	but

*rather than "did", the translation has "tried".

tt Ko Kette.	de Ko	Lo daK deAe.	n roAo L
jagukje.	Žegų	ruš’akše.	nąsúra
it was of no avail.	[Thus]	he failed.*	His head

*the translation has, "he absolutely failed".

p. 336 —

Ko Lo rL.	Lo daK Ki di.	de Ko	Ao K nK K n K.
kurusra	ruš’akiži,	žegų	hokąnakanąga
to free	when he failed,	thus	he wore it, and*

*the translation has, "he continued to wear it and".

ni ttAe ttL	ttA we de.	Ae L	A x LK deAe.
nįcejara	cawéže.	Héra	haxarakše.
the river [edge]	he went towards.	Horns	he had long, branchy ones.

Ao w	lAy d	Ao K n K n K.	ni L	Ao ta liKi di.
Hųwą́	paižą	hokąnakanąga	nįra	hot’ąpgiži,
Elk	a head	he wore and	the river	when he came to it,

p. 337 —

ni tteAe ttL	Ao w Le de.	A Ko Le d L.	o ni A o.
nįcejara	howareže.	Hagorežąra,	’ųniha’ų,
along the [river's] edge	he went.	Finally,	as thus he went on,

te we L Ki.	w KidiKi	e tt	Ao m ttiAi d	Ai L Ai de.
tewéraki	wąkšik	éja	homącižą	hirahiže.
unexpectedly	people	there	habitations*	he came.

*the translation has "inhabitations". Just before this word, "there" has been crossed out, since it occurs in the translation just before the word "unexpectedly".

de Ko	e tt.	A A Ae Ke de.	e Ki	Ay ni Ki di.
Žegų	éja	hahąhegeže.	Égi	hainigiži,
[Then]	there	he waited for night.	Then	in the morning,

p. 338 —

w o de.	ni w Ko ni Ke	Ao o n Ki di.	e tt	miKi deAe.
wa’ųže.	Niwagunige	ho’ųnąkiži,	éja	mįkše.
he did thus.	To dip water	where they came,	there	he lay.

w Ke A	w i L	K L iy n K.	A tt L.	n Ke we rKe de.
Wakeha	wa’įra	kara’iyanąga	hajara	nąkewesgeže.
Coon skin	the blanket	wearing, [and]	to look at him	he was frightening.*

*the translation has, "he was fearful".

Lo L.	A ntt.	w Ke A	w i	A ni Ki di
Rora	haną́c	wakeha	wa’į	hanįgiži,
The body	whole	coon skin	blanket	[that he had],

Ai L Lo K n K	e Ki.	Ae L	x x ttiAi Ki di.	e Ki.
hirarúkąnąga	égi	héra	xaxacigiži,	égi
it was covered, and	then	horns	having long, branching ones,	and

p. 339 —

Ay ni xitti	Ai no Ki d.	niy Ko tti K tt	A tt de.
hainixjį	hinųkižą	niagujigają	hajaže.
early in the morning	a woman	she came after water, and	she saw him.

A Ktt	Ao Ki n K tt	w Ke de.	w Kd ne.
Hakjá	hokinąkają,	wageže,	"Wakšąne.
Back	she started to run, but	he said to her,	"Turn back.

n tto ni tt n.	Ai Ke de.	w Kd di.	Ai tt	tti Ki di.
nąjonijáną,"	higeže.	Wakšąši,	hija	jigiži,
I bless you,"	he said to her.	She turned back,	there	when she came,

p. 340 —

w Ke de.	K L n K.	m rL.	Ai d	A diAi ni L tti Kette n.
wagéną,	"Karanąga	mąsra	hižą	hašinirajikjeną.
he said to her,	"Go home and	ax	an	bring with you.

e Ki.	n li Lo xtt ttL.	tt n K	Ai doo Kette Ki di.
Égi	nąpiruxácra	jánąga	hiš’ųkjegiži,
Then	the offerings	as many as	you should use,

w KidiKi	w L Ki do L.	e	ayi Le Ktt ne n.	e de.
wąkšik	warakižura	e	airekjaneną,"	éže.
people	your [companion]	they	they will tell you,"	he said.

e Ki.	n roAo.	A ni L.	ttA lo ni A Le Ki.
"Égi	nąsu	hanira	caboniharegi
"Then	head	my	on top of it

p. 341 —

Ao L tti Ktt wi n.	e Ki.	n roAo Ao deAe Le K ni L.	tt Ko
horajįkjawiną.	Égi	nąsuhušerekanira	jagú
you will strike.	Then	my skull	whatever

Ai Lo L Ko wi Ki d[i]	Ai rKe Ktt ne n.	Ao w.
hirorakųwigiž[i],	hisgekjaneną.	Hųwą́
you use it for,	it will become true.	Elk

w Kette xiAi	A ni n.	ttAi n Kn KeLe	A te n.
Wakjexi	haniną.	Cinąknąkre	hateną,"
[Water] Spirit	I am.	This village	it is blessed,"*

*literally, "it has dreamt".

p. 342 —

Ai Ke de.	ni Le	xAe te L	Ai d	wi ne n
higeže.	"Nire	xetera	hižą	winéną,"
he said to her.	"In the waters	the great ones	one of	I am,"

Ai Ke de.	e Ki.	Ai noKo tte K	Ke Le de.	Ki Ki di.
higeže.	Égi	hinųkjega	kereže.	Gigiži,
he said to her.	Then	the woman	went home.	When she got home,

Ao LK deAe.	ni w Ko Le Ki.	w Ktte xiAi	dK dA n.
horákše.	"Niwaguregi	Wakjexi	šakšaną.
she told it.	"At the water dipping place,	Waterspirit	[an ancient one] there is.

n tto tt de	e n.	m Ko do L.	Ko Ki d.	deKe
Nąjoją́že,	éną.	Mąkošura	kokižą	ške
He blessed me,	he said.	Medicine*	a box	[also]

*the translation adds, "chest".

p. 343 —

A ni w owK dA n	e de.	e Ki.	m rL.	e Ki.
haniwa’ųwąkšaną,"	éže.	"Égi	mąsra	égi
he has with him,"	she said.	"Then	an ax	and

tt n K.	n li Lo xtt ttL.	Ai tti do wi Ki di	e Ki.
jánąga	nąpiruxácra	hijižuwigiži,	égi
all	the offerings	when we place there,	then

ttA lo ni Ay tt.	Ao tti Ktt wi	e n.	n roAo L.
cabonihaija	hojikjawi,	éną.	Nąsúra
on top of his head	we would hit,	he said.	His skull*

*this is actually "his head".

p. 344 —

Ai Ki xoAoxo wi Ki di.	de e	e	w d	Lo Ko Ktt wi
higixoxwigiži	žee	e	wažą	rokųkjawi,
we would crack and	that	[it]	for things*	we could use it,

*the translation has "for different things".

e n.	e de.	w Kidi KL.	n li Lo xtt	A K L ni L n K.
éną,"	éže.	Wąkšíkra	nąpiruxac	hakaraniranąga
he said,"	she said.	The people	offerings	they took with them and

Ko A L.	ttA wy Le de.	Ao w Le L.	teyK dAe.
kohara	cawaireže.	Howarera,	teikše.
[below]*	they went.	Sure enough,	there he was.

*the translation has "to the water".

n Ke we rKe de.	n li Lo xtt L.	t ni L.	m dAo
Nąkewesgeže.	Nąpiruxajara,	tanira,	mąšu
Very fearful [frightening] he was.	The offerings,	tobacco,	feathers

p. 345 —

doAo ttL.	ttA A rK L.	tteAe Ai	doAo ttL.	Lo K n.
šujra,	cahaskra,	cehį	šujra,	rokana
red,	white deerskin,	yarn belts	red,	very much

w Ki oyi Le de.	de Ko	Ai Le Ki di	e Ki.	Ai d
wagi’ųįreže.	Žegų	hiregiži,	égi	hižą
they brought.	Thus	when they did,	then	one

A L tti Le Ki di.	m r K.	Ai ow n K.	ttA lo ni Ay tt	Ao tti de.
harajiregiži,	mąska	hi’ųwanąga	cabonihaija	hojiže.
they appointed,	the ax	he used and	the top of his head	he struck him.

n roAo L.	Ki Lo ttAe	tti Ke Le de.	K tt
Nąsúra	kiruce	jikereže.	Gają
His head	it split in two	[it did suddenly.]	And there

p. 346 —

te we L Ki.	w Ktt K K	Ai Kd n K	e tt	Ki K w a de.
tewéraki	Wakjąkaga	hikšánąga	éja	gigawa’aže.
unexpectedly	Trickster	laughing, [and]	there	he arose.

wo x nK	liAi ni Ki d.	w x n KL.	woyi niKi Ai L Ki Ki wi n
"Woxanąk	pinigižą	woxanąkra.	Woinįk hiragigiwiną,"
"Headdress	a nice one	I was wearing.*	You spoiled it for me,"†

*before the word "was", the word "has" was crossed out.
†the translation precedes this phrase with the word "but".

a n K.	e tt	Ai Kd L	Lo K n w n K	Ki K w a de.
ánąga.	Éja	hikšára	rokanawanąga	gigawa’aže.
he said.	There	he laughed	very much, and then*	he got up.

*before "and then", the translation has "he said"; however, in this context it would seem that -ánąga is more likely just a conjunction.

p. 347 —

w Ktt K K.	w owK dA n*	ay Le de.	e Ki.	w w Ke de.
"Wakjąkaga	wa’ųwąkšaną,"	aíreže.	Égi	wawageže,
"Trickster	it is,"	they said.	Then	he said to them,

*what appears to be /onK/ has been erased and /owK/ written over it.

w d L.	Lo A.	n li Lo xtt ttL.	doo wi n.
"Wažąra	roha	nąpiruxácra	š’ųwiną.
"Things	many	offering	you let go.

Ai Ke	Aoyi ni Ke xitti ni Ki	xA w ni wi ni n.
Hįké	hoinįgexjįnigi	xawaniwinįną.
Not	for naught	it will not go for (amount to)

p. 348 —

lA n KLe.	w di	Lo L Ko wi Ki di	Ai rKe Ktt ne n.
Panąkre	wažį́	roragúwigiži,	hisgekjaneną,"
This head	whatever	you use it for,	it will be so,"

wi Ke de.	e rKe	e tt.	wi Lo Ko	Ki Koo Ai Le de.
wigeže.	Ésge	éja	wirókų	kik’ųhireže.
he said to them.	So	there	instruments*	they made themselves.

*in the translation, this word is preceded by "many".

Ao w Le L.	Ai rKe	Ai Le de.	e Ki.	de Ko
Howarera,	hisge	hireže.	Égi	žegų
Sure enough,	good*	they were.	[And]	then

*the word hisge means "true".

e tt	ni Ke	Ao w Ke Le de.
éja	nįgé	howagereže.
there	[someplace]	he went away.

Source:

Oliver LaMère (trs.), "Wakjąkaga," in Paul Radin, Winnebago Notebooks (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1912) Winnebago V, #7: 317-349.