Hocąk Text — Peace of Mind Regained
narrated by Jasper Blowsnake
Original Text (Winnebago III, #1): | 155 | 156 | 157 | 158 |
hapaxlegomena: higihíhi, "stirred, trembling"; hikirúwēk, "to crumble with"; hoxáraxára, "loose"; naǧoc (< naǧocgáją), "to draw something"; wiruagic (< wiruagijᵉra), "sinews that bind together poles".
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rare words: ągḗ, "to mean, signify" (found in Marino); hico-ákižu, "together" (found only once and by Jasper Blowsnake); hikuruzízīk, "to stretch itself" (found only in Marino); gírajas (< hiwogírajas), "to tighten" (found only in Marino); raǧójigu (< raǧójigugi), "to take a puff" (found only in Marino as raǧoc-higu); sanįk (< wasanįkiži), "beloved" (both sanįk and wasanįk are marked as questionable with this meaning by Marino, but sániñk, "beloved," is found in "The Nightspirits Bless Ciwoit’éhiga").
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The following are Greek letters and other symbols used as morpheme abbreviations in Radin's text. Their values mostly correspond to those given in Radin's notebook Winnebago II, #6, on the interstitial page between 107/108:
α | β | γ | ε | ɜ | ζ | ϑ | λ | ρ | ⳡ |
égi | éja | -giži | ésge | -šaną | -xjį | -ižą | žesge | anąga | hąké |
ω | ·נ | K | ⪽ | X | २ | - |
žigé | nųnįge | Wažągų́zᵉra | Waxopī́ni | wąkšig | -že, -še | -ra |
/ | ᴗ | ᴗ̇ | ꜏ | ·/ | ⨪ | ⨪̊ | ⨪ᵁ | > |
-ną | -regi | -nįk | ire | -kjé | -nąk | -nǫk (?) | -nųk (?) | -gają |
Nota bene: the first line is the text of Winnebago III, #1: 155-157, which is the original interlinear text. The second line is the revised text employing the standard orthography of the Encyclopedia. It is guided significantly by Winnebago II, #5: 192-193, which is a revised typescript of the interlinear text. Where the interlinear text indicated vowel length, these values were restored to the revised text. The interlinear text has very little English translation, so guidance was sought in The Road of Life and Death, 165-166, although it is largely a paraphrase.
Winn. III.1.155* = Winn. II.5.192 = RL&D 165 | |||||||||
mañkā´ni[ϑ] | wagixáwani[γ] | djasgê´ | hagi | p‘iⁿṇáguni | hire[γ´] | [α] | wiwéwîⁿ | eā´nina | djagú |
Mąkā́nižą | wagixáwanigiži, | "Jasgḗ | hagi | pįnáguni?" | hirēgíži. | Égi | wiwéwį̄ | eā́nina | jagú |
A Medicine Rite man | having sustained a great loss, | "How | I could do it | to be good?"† | he thought. | And | [mind] | his | what |
* the top of the page has "1" written in the upper left, "151" in the center, and "155" in the upper right. The second and third lines read:
Iṣṭ Night
haⁿhe djobô´hôⁿ Band E
† Winn. III.1.155 has as its original translation of djasgê´ hagi p‘iⁿṇáguni, "what's the best way to do it"; but above the line gives the more literal, "how could I do it to be good".
wewi´[⨪]ⁿk[γ] | rokcî´[ζ] | hogiwê´ | hí[⨪]k[γ] | wiwéwina | djagu | hiraníhera | jédjûñga | ruxúrukê´ |
wewinąkiži, | rokšī́xjį̄ | hogíwē | hinąkíži | wiwéwįna | jagú | hiranihéra. | Žéjų̄ga | ruxúrukē: |
he thought, | very deep | [to go someplace] | he was carrying | [his mind] | what | he had. | [Now] | [he accomplished] |
maiⁿ´hagᴇ[ᴗ´] | tcaⁿt’iⁿ | djîⁿbí[/]* | [α] | wiwéwiṇa | ‘ŭañgᴇ[ᴗ´] | [K] | wiwéwina | eówaréhi[γ] |
maįhagᵉrēgi | cąt’į̄ | jį̄bíną. | Égi | wiwéwįna | wągᵉrégi | Wažągų̄́zᵉra | wiwéwįna | eowarēhígiži.† |
on earth | [to appear] | [he placed.] | And | his thought | above | the Creator | [his mind] | he sent them. |
* just before this word, djî is partly scribbled out.
† < e-howarē-hi-giži, the /h/ being lost in internal sandhi.
RL&D 166 | |||||||||
wiwéwiṇa* | ’ŭañgᴇ[ᴗ] | [⪽] | xêdê[-] | hirakíwarê | wowéwîⁿ | hogiwê | wahi[ρ´] | [α] | wowéwiṇa |
Wiwéwį̄na | wągᵉrēgi | Waxopī́ni | Xētēra | hirakíwarē | wowéwį̄ | hogiwē | wahiánąga | égi | wowéwįṇa |
[Their minds] | [up above] | [Spirits] | [the Great] | each in turn | his thoughts | to go towards | he made them, and | then | his thoughts |
* the /ṇ/ has a vertical line through it.
maⁿk‘úhaⁿṇegi | gisgaⁿ´ | kirike´rê | hi[γ´] | hatcî´ndja | hûñgê´ | hi[ϑ´] | xêdêáki | wowéwiṇa | [β´] |
mąkuhą́regi | gisgą́ | kirikérē | higiži, | hacį̄ja | hų̄gḗ | hižą́, | xētēáki, | wowéwį̄ṇa | éja |
under the earth | to penetrate | he sent it by | [he did, and] | where | [chief] | a, | the great one, | his thoughts | [there] |
gidjêhí[2] | [α] | wogûⁿ´zotcí[-] | tci[-] | kísag[β´] | haⁿbᴇra | haγê´p | hi[γ´] |
gijēhížē. | Égi | Wogų̄́zocíra, | cira | kiságēja, | Hąbᵉra | hiraǧḗp* | higíži |
[they began to go someplace.] | [Then] | the Creation Lodge, | [the lodge] | [at the center,] | Light and Life | [to appear] | it was caused, and |
* the original haγê´p is revised in Winn. II.5.192 to read hiraγê´p‘.
[α] | [X][ᴗ´] | wowéwîⁿ | howare´hi[γ]* | wawéwîñgi | mañka´ni | genaí[ζ] |
égi | wąkšī́gᵉrēgi | wowéwį̄ | howarḗhigiži. | Wawéwį̄gi | Mąkáni | ganaį̄xjį̄ |
[then] | [among humans] | his thoughts and desires | he dispatched. | [Having thought] | Medicine Rite | [very much] |
* just before this word, horawe occurs.
Winn. II.5.193 | ||||||||
añga | [ ·נ] | horâ´k | hiwe´wina | ep‘îñ[>´] | haⁿb[-´] | watcogí[ϑ] | hiradjíwina | [ⳡ] |
ągḗ, | nunīgē | horā́k | hiwéwiną. | Epį̄gáją. | Hąbᵉra | wacogižą | hirajíwiną. | Hąkḗ |
[it meant,] | but | it can be said | he thought of me. | It is good. | Light and Life | [a great one] | [it came amongst us.] | [Not] |
Winn. 3.1.156 | |||||||
ṇé[ɜ] | waigi’úni[>´] | dj[ρ] | waki´karadj[-] | dj[ρ] | hitcoákiju´môñg[-] | [<] | [X]ho-îṇa |
néšąną | waigi’únigają | janąga | wakíkárajᵉra | janąga | hico-ákižumągᵉra | gają.* | Wąkšīgo’į́na |
we only | did he do to, but | [all] | [our relatives] | [as many as there are] | [I am together with] | [.] | Life |
* Winn. II.5.193 has djanαⁿga.
hiranañ´kik’îⁿ´kdjawi[-] | howaré[-] | [X] | haîⁿje´dje[-] | hanaⁿ´tcîⁿ[ζ] | hináwi[>´]* | tcinaⁿīⁿ´ | nisgê |
hiraną́kik’į̄́kjawira. | Howaréra, | wąkšīk | ha’į̄žejéra, | hanącį̄́xjį̄́ | hinawigáją. | Cinąį̄́ | nisgē |
we thought ourselves in connection. | [Sure enough,] | [life ?] | I am enveloped in (?) | [all] | we think.† | Try to live | [it seems] |
* after this word, a word is scribbled out.
† Radins translates (or paraphrases) this as, "We are all enveloped in life as a consequence." (RL&D 166)
[⨪ᵁ][-´] | haⁿb[-´] | hokê´wê | iñgi´gire[-] | ep‘iⁿ[/] | haⁿb[-´] | hakikárap’ókdjawi[-] | kiniñké[-] |
ną́gᵉra. | Hąbᵉra | hok’ḗwē | įgígirera.* | Epįną.† | Hąbᵉra | hakikárapokjawira. | Kinįkéra# |
that they are. | Light and Life | to enter into | they made me. | It is good. | Light and Life | [we will accept (?) our own.]‡ | Wolf |
* < hįgígirera, the /h/ being lost to external sandhi.
† Winn. 2.5,193 has ep‘îñgádjaⁿ. However gádjaⁿ is [>], whereas [/] is -ną.
‡ the stem of this expression is kipo or kipok, where ha- is the first person, -wi-, plural; -kara- is "one's own"; -kja, the future tense. Cf. kiponisge, "agreeable." Nisge means, "like, kind of, nearly," making kipo-nisge mean "kind of agreeable." Therefore, kipo might mean something like "to accept." So the sentence might mean, "We will accept our own Light and Life."
# rendered as k‘inîñk‘eî´ra in Winn. 2.5.193, with the translations in Winn. 3.1.156 having "[wolf ?)] and RL&D 166 having "wolf (?)". That this does in fact mean "wolf" can be seen elsewhere in Jasper Blowsnake's Medicine Rite: 1, 2, and 3 ("a very white faced kinikéra"). Ki may mean "enemy"; -nįk means, "little, small"; -ge means, "kind, species"; and -ra is the definite article. So kinįkera may have meant, "the little enemy," inasmuch as wolves would hang around kills hoping to grab a morsel.
sga[ζ´][ϑ]* | hikúruzizî´k | djire[२]† | djagu´-i[ϑ] | wihiñ´[·/´]gi‡ | hakara´ni | wa’ŭ´añk[२] |
sgaxjį̄́žą | hikuruzízīk | jirežē. | Jagúižą | wihįkjanegi | hakaráni | wa’ŭą́kšē. |
an exceedingly white one | stretching itself | it started by. | [What(ever) one] | he's going to smoke with | he had with him | he was.# |
* Winn. 2.5.193 has only sgaxdjį̄́ⁿ. Three or four words following this in Winn. 3.1.156 are lined out with a wavy line.
† inserted here with a caret above the line.
‡ above the ·/ is written "dje or djane".
#
"he did it" seems more appropriate within the range of meaning that this expression has.
hitcûⁿcge | gekaraj[꜏]a | haⁿbidaíuṇa | tcikiraj[β´] | hiru-ê´ | dji[⨪̊]gi´gi | hadji´ | |
Hicų̄šgē | gikarajirera | Hąbitaí’ųra | ci | kiságēja | hiru-é | jinągígi, | hají |
Nephew | he whom they call | the means of asking for Life | lodge | at the center of | he opened up | after he placed it, | he went |
tawe´[२] | haⁿb[-´] | hanîndji[⨪][२] | [α] | naⁿ´borêhi | djire´[२] | naⁿ´hûñgra | hā[-´] | hikirúwê´k | hi[२] |
cawéžē. | Hąbᵉra | hanįjínąkšē. | Égi | nąbórēhi | jirežḗ. | Nąhų̄gᵉra* | hārá | hikirúwēk | hizḗ. |
towards it. | [Light and Life] | he secured. | [Then] | to handle it | [he began.] | The Chief of Trees | bark | to crumble with | [he did.] |
* below this word is "oak" with a circle around it.
[α] | danihu[-] | hoju[ρ´] | da-e´ | hi[२]* | [α] | dani´hu[-] | da-e´ | hi[२] | djobô´haⁿ | raγo´djigugí‡ | haⁿ´b[-] |
Égi | tanihúra | hožuánąga | ta-é | hižē. | Égi | tanihúra† | ta-é | hižē. | Jobṓhą | raǧójigugi, | Hąbᵉra |
Then | the pipe | he filled | to light | [he did.] | [Then] | the pipe | to light | [he did.] | Four times | when he drew, | Light and Life |
* after this word a phrase of four words has been lined out with a wavy line.
† Winn. 2.5.193 has only danihú.
‡ ᴗ is lined out and gí. is written above it. Followig this, several words are lined out with a wavy line.
Winn. 3.1.157* | |||||||
Winn. 2.5.194 | |||||||
sga[ζ´] | hiwapúru | djirehis’á[२] | [α] | hidjobíhôⁿna | ṇaγotc[>´] | c’akdjîⁿ | hoṇañkícigᴇnísgê |
sgaxjį̄ | hiwapúru | jirēhis’ážē. | Égi | hijobōhąra | naǧocgáją, | š’ákdjį̄ | honąkíšīgᵉnisgē |
the whitest | [steam clouds] | [it would repeatedly start.] | Then | the fourth time | he drew it, | very old | like leggings† |
* at the very top left corner is the numeral 3, and at the upper right is the numeral 157. Between the numerals at the top of the page is,
hoxáraraírâgi ≈ hoxáraxára is old form for hokárakára
loose loose
below this, centered, is "183".
† RL&D 166 has "moccasins"; Winn. 3.1.157 has, "wearing mocassins, like" but written above "macassins" is "leggings". Elsewhere in Jasper Blowsnake's Medicine Rite, honąkíšigenísge is translated as, "stockings".
nañkê´ra[ɜ´] | hi’yaⁿ´wazázadje[२´] | [α] | dj[ρ´] | tciōj́ua´ki | hanaⁿ´tcîⁿ[ζ] | hīⁿ´ṇe[२] |
nąkérašąną, | hiyawazázaježé. | Égi | jánąga | ciōžuáki | hanącį̄́xjį̄ | hį́režē. |
the back only | hair sticking here and there. | Then | all | the inside of the lodge | entirely | [it passed through.]* |
* the sense used here seems to be that recorded by Susman: "to pass by (over there), to pass through a small space"; cf. "to go through, to go to" (Miner, Helbrecht-Lehmann).
kâro´tihi´wi[-] | djasgêga[⨪´]re | [λ´][ζ]ⁿ | hanaⁿ´tcîⁿ[ζ] | códjoju | dji[⨪][२´] |
Kārokēhíwira* | jasgēgánągᵉrē | žesgḗxjį̄, | hanącį̄́xjį̄ | šojožu | jínąkšē.† |
[Our grandmother] | [as he walked along] | its length and breadth, | the whole | haze of this smoke | [it had come in possession of.]‡ |
* just before this word, a circled word (Ma’uⁿa ?) has been lined out.
† Winn. 2.5.194 has codjodjudjínañkcê.
‡ Winn. 2.1.157 has, "it became filled with." The translation that fits best (the one given here) is found at Sam Blowsnake's "The Twins Visit Their Father, v. 1."
[α] | [⪽]ṇa | dj[ρ´]ki | hanaⁿ´tcîⁿ[ζ] | pōnana´ | horupônai´ṇegi | rogûⁿ´ | djinôgire[२] |
Égi | Waxopínina, | janągáki, | hanącį̄́xjį̄ | pōnā́na | horupōnaíregi, | rogų̄́ | jinągirežē. |
And | the Spirits, | everyone, | [all] | the smell | when they smelled, | to be filled with longing | they became. |
[X][-] | ea´ni | [X] | īṇekdjône´[२]‡ | hitcûⁿ´cge | gikara | e[२´] |
Wąkšī́gᵉra* | e-áni, | wąkšī́k | hirekjanežē, | Hicų̄šgē | gikarájirera, | éžē. |
[The men] | having it,† | [human] | [they will be,]# | Nephew | he whom they call, | he said. |
* Winn. 2.5.194 has wañxcî´gera.
† "having it" is written above "with it".
‡ the initial /h/ was lost to external sandhi.
# the transation of Winn. 3.1.157 has, "they'll live with theirs." RL&D 166 has, "Life they had, but they desired more."
A smoking ritual takes place at this point in the accout, and not being part of the story, is omitted here as well as in the original texts.
RL&D 167 | ||||
c’agiahi´wi[-] | tci[-] | [X]io´gimîñgir[ρ´] | tcio´kisa´genaⁿjîⁿṇa | hodazób[-] |
Š’agiahíwira | círa | wąkšīgíómį̄giranąga | Ciokisagᵉnąžį́na, | hotazóbᵉra.* |
Our distant grandfathers | the lodge | laid there with [Life], and | He Who Stands in the Middle of the Lodge, | [the blaze.] |
* Winn. 2.5.194 has hodazo´p‘.
[ⳡ] | rotcaⁿ´ | naⁿjiⁿ´ṇégi | higihi´hi | naⁿzîñ´[γ] | [α] | maⁿni´na | hawedjiⁿ´[⨪´]k[γ] | [α] | [ω] |
Hąkḗ | rocą́ | nąžį́regi | higihíhi | nąžį̄gíži | égi | mąnína | hawejį̄́nąkiži. | Égi | žigḗ |
Not | steady | he stood, but | stirred, trembling* | he stood, and | [then] | walking† | as one who was dreading. | And | [again] |
* Winn. 3.1.157 has "stirred," RL&D has "trembling".
† Winn. 3.1.157 has "one (?) walking" with "winter" written above it. RL&D reverses this translation.
tcaroxi´wi[-] | [ⳡ]aga´ | wapîñk’uinani | woru´djirega | tcaroxíwi | hirasa´ | rudji[⨪̊´]ki | rucdjaiⁿ´ṇekdjé[-]* | [α] |
caroxíwira | hąkagá | wapįk’uinani | warújirega, | caroxíwi | hirasá | rujīnąki | rušjaįṇekjēra. | Égi |
drandruff | not | fixing theirs | when they eat, | dandruff | [also] | that they were eating | that they may quit. | [And] |
* a line connects this line of text to this comment: "They never combed enough if they ate anything, some of this would drop in the plate."
Winn. 2.5.195 | ||||
[⪽] | tcitca´bire[-] | wiruagídj[-] | hóxararai´[ᴗ]* | hiwogi´radjas |
Waxopī́ni | cicábirera | wiruagijᵉra | hosararaírēgi, | hiwogírajas† |
Spirits | their lodge | the sinews that bind together the poles | when they worked themselves loose, | we will tighten them |
* see the comment at the top of the page.
† < hi-wa-ho-gírajas.
Winn. 3.1.158* | ||||||
hînt’e´kdjawira | jêdjaiñ´[ζ] | p‘îñkik’úîṇekdje´[-] | [α] | [ω] | c’agiwahíwiri[ϑ] | wasge´[ϑ] |
hį̄t’ékjawira. | Žējaį́xjį̄ | pį̄kik’úirekjera. | Égi | žigé | š’ágiwahiwirižą | wasgéžą |
we will do it by speaking. | [From then on] | they will make themselves whole. | [And] | [again] | [an ancestor of ours] | a plate |
* at the very top left corner is the numeral 4, at the upper center is 184, and at the upper right is the numeral 158. Below the center number is written:
* referring to mourning i.e. he had had trouble
i.e. one who was a member is dead (his plate is turned
upside down) now is loved and is going to eat out of it
This note applies to the line directly below.
woru´djôñki | hakárac’ûⁿ´ | kiridje´[γ] | nîñkdjâñ´k | wesa´niki´[ϑ] | woku´rudji´kdje[-] | [α] | [ω] | wanîñk |
worújąki | hakáraš’ų̄́ | kirijēgiži | nį̄kją̄́k | wasánikížą | wokúrujikjéra. | Égi | žigḗ | wánį̄k |
that he's eating in | upside down | that it fell, | child | a beloved one | that he might eat out of it. | [Then] | [again] | bird |
x‘u´ra | pamôñ´ku kiri[⨪̊´]k[γ] | jêdjônai´[ζ] | haⁿ´bᴇ[ᴗ̇] | wañga´gi’u´na | guci´cdjônôngi† | wanîñk |
xúra | pamą́kukirinąkiži, | žējanaíxjį̄ | Hąbᵉnį̄k | wągági’una, | gušíšjaną́gi, | wanį̄k |
the skin | bowed and lowered is the head, but | very soon | Light and Life | he made us,* | in three days from now,‡ | bird |
* RL&D: "[it] will be brought to us".
† the text has ñgi with nôngi written above it.
‡ Winn. 3.1.158 and Marino have this word translated as "the day after tomorrow"; RL&D 167 has the translation given here.
x‘u´[-] | haⁿbiro´djôⁿp | kirin[aⁿ´]djikdjé[-]† | [α] | mañka´ni wošgâⁿ´ | p‘îⁿhi´[ϑ] | niñkdjôñ´k | wasániki´[ϑ] |
xúra | hąbᵉroją́p | kiriną́gikjēra. | Égi | Mąkáni Wošgą́ | pį̄hížą, | nį̄kjąk | wasánį̄kížą |
the skin | as he views the day* | it will become. | [And] | Medicine Rite member | a good one, | child | a beloved one |
* Winn. 3.1.158 adds, "(it'll sit up)". RL&D 167 has, "upright, erect, it will become again".
† aⁿ´ is omitted.
wocgôⁿ´na | hanio´kika´wa’ûⁿkdjôna´rê | [X]o’îⁿ | hagixíri | wai´re[·/´][-] | hicgê´ | [λ] | hiⁿwë´[·/]a´wi[>´] |
wošgą́na | haniókikawa’ų̄kjanárē, | wąkšīgo’į̄ | hagixíri | wairekjanéra. | Hišgḗ | žḗsgē | hį̄wekjanawigają, |
the rite | who is going to arrive, | Life | to cry for him | they will say. | [Also] | [again] | [when we will say,] |
c’agihiwi´[-] | wocgâⁿ´ | p‘îⁿhi´[ϑ] | xawáni[γ´] | [X]o’iⁿ | oicdjô´ne[-]* | haxíri | hire[·/´][-] | hicgê´ |
š’agihiwíra | wošgą́ | pį̄hížą | xawánigiži, | Wąkšīgo’į̄ | hoišjanéra | haxíri | hirekjanéra. | Hišgḗ |
[our elder] | rite member | [a good one] | if he has departed, | Life | he leaves behind | to cry for | they will do. | So |
* an initial /h/ has been lost to external sandhi.
[X]o-îⁿ | haxíri | wë[·/]a´wi[>´] |
Wąkšīgo’į̄ | haxíri | wēkjanawigają. |
[Life] | to cry for | [they will utter it.] |
Source:
Paul Radin, The Road of Life and Death: A Ritual Drama of the American Indians. Bollingen Series V (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973 [1945]) 165-166. Paul Radin, Winnebago Notebooks (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, n.d.) Winnebago II, #1: 175-177 (handwritten phonetic text); Winnebago III, #1: 155-157 (the original handwritten interlinear text); Winnebago II, #5: 192-195 (typed phonetic text).