dot-/	dot-/, dot-/	>	2	6	9
-kdjénâ	-kdjanenâ	-gádjâ	-je, -ce	-xdjî	-jâ

In The Culture of the Winnebago: As Described by Themselves, Radin has used a dot (.) after the unvoiced terminal consonant of a stem to indicate its transformation into its voiced counterpart. Here that transformation has been directly expressed. I have not done this for such consonants preceeding a hyphen.

---

Key --

First Row	"raw" text from Paul Radin, Notebook Winnebago III, #4, 25-29
Second Row	analytic text from The Culture of the Winnebago: As Described by Themselves
Third Row	revised text
Fourth Row	English translation based on those of The Road of Life and Death and The Culture of the Winnebago: As Described by Themselves

---

p. 25 --

[alpha]	wa'û[2´]	hâbamanína	sga[6´][9]	heghwámôké[-]	sâdjâ[6´][9]
égi	wa'ûjé.	hâp-hamaníra*	sgáxdjî-hijâ	heghwá-môkèra	sâdjâxdjî´-hijâ
égi	wa'ûjé.	Hâbamanína	sgáxdjî´jâ,	heghwámôkéra,	sâdjâxdjîjâ
[then]	[they did it.]	Walker on Light	a very white one,	the cackling swan,	a very awe inspiring one

*the text has hâp.hamaníra.

---

wâge[upsilon´]	dj[rho´]	hâbamanína	hâbirukóno
wâ´gregi	djanâga	hâp-hamaníra	hâp-hirukóno
wâgerégi	djánâga	Hâbamanína	hâbirukóno
up above	[as many as there are]	the Walkers on Light	in control of life

---

mâ'úna	wagûs	[gamma´]	jeé	wamáni	re[dot-/, dot-/][gamma]	re[2´]*
mâ'û´ra	wagûs	gíji.	jée	wámáni	rekdjanegíji	rejé.
Mâ'û´na	wagûs	gíji.	Jée	wamáni	rekdjanegíji,	rejé.
Earthmaker	[he created him,]	[.]	[That]	to walk	[who would leave,]	he set out.

*after this word, "[alpha] hinûb[-]" has been crossed out.

---

[alpha]	djobóhâ	tcirógogî´x[2]	hâb[-´]	hidjaíra
égi	djobóhâ	tcíra-hogigîx´	hâbra	hidjáira
Égi	djobóhâ	tcirógogî´xce.	Hâberá	hidjaíra
[Then]	four times	he made a circuit of the lodge.	The light	[increased]

---

p. 26 --

kinibí[2]	siwaígizá[-]	[psi]	nâkígâjeni	hâbinât'ék
kinib-híje;*	siwáigizara	hâké	nâkigâ´jni	hâp-hinât'ék
kinibíje.	Siwaígizára	hâké	nâkígâjeni	hâbinât'ék
he made.	The toes on his feet	[not]	not uneven	he smeared with light

*the text has, kinip.híje.

---

hîbí[2]	pédjitcédjera	[alpha]	wa'úne[2]	[alpha]
hîp-híje	petc-hitc édjra	égi	wa'û´reje.	égi
hîbíje,	pédjitcédjra.	égi	wa'úneje.	égi
[he put]	the fireplace.*	[Then]	[he did it.]	Then

*literally, "the edge of the fire".

---

[omega]	hinûb[-´]	widjirawaséwe	xédera	djobanâgwíre
jigé	hinû´bra	witc-hirawaséwe	xedera	djop-hanâkwíre
jigé	hinûberá	Widjirawaséwe	xédera	djobanâgwíre,
[again]	the second one	the Island Anchors	the great	who made the fourfold passage,

---

wamáni	re[dot-/][gamma´]	kiniké[-]	hicdja	sga[6´][9]
wamáni	rékdjanegìji.	kinikéra	hicdjá	sgaxdjî´-hijâ
wamáni	rékdjanegìji.	Kinikéra	hicdjá	sgaxdjî´jâ
[to walk it]	[he will have set out.]	Wolf	face	a very white one*

*Radin has in the interlinear translatin, oddly enough, "a very blue-faced wolf". This is corrected in Winnebago Culture (p. 46, sentence 218).

---

hîtco[6´][9]	tcirá	djobóhâ	hogigî´x[2]	hâ´bera
hîtcoxdjî´-hijâ	tcira	djobóhâ	hogigî´xje.	hâbra
hîtcoxdjî´jâ	tcirá	djobóhâ	hogigî´xce.	Hâ´bera
very blue hair	the lodge	four times	[he walked around.]	The light

---

hidjaíra	kiridjéhije	[alpha]	hohuhí-djobonâgwíre
hidjáira	kiridjéhije.	égi	hohuhíra djobónâgwire
hidjaíra	kiridjéhije.	Égi	hohuhí-djobónâgwíre
increasing	[he made it become.]	[Then]	[the one who made the fourfold circuit of the cardinal winds,]

---

wamáni[dot-/, dot-/]	re[2´]	[alpha]	[omega]	hidanína
wamánikdjanènâ	reje.	égi	jigé	hidanína
wamánikdjanènâ.	Rejé.	Égi	jigé	hidanína,
[he will have walked it.]	[He started out.]	Then	[again]	the third,

---

mâk'úhânegi	hûgé	dj[rho´]	hâbirukóno
mâkúhâregi	hûgé	djânága	hâp-hirukóno
mâkúhâregi	hûgé	djánâga	hâbirukóno
[under the earth]	chief	as much as there was	in control of light

---

gigigí	wamáni	nekdjonégi	hâpdjire[2´]
gigigí	wamáni	rekdjanégi	hâpdjiréje.
gigigí,	wamáni	rekdjonégi,	hâpdjiréje.
he had been made,*	[to walk it]	[when he would start to go,]	[day broke.]

*"having been made" would be better.

---

hî´cebra	watcekdjî´[9]	hincge	ságipirági[9]	pedjitcédj[-]
hî´cebra	watcekdjî´-hijâ	hîcgé	sagipirák-hijâ;	petc-hitcédjra
Hî´cebra	watcekdjî´jâ	hîcgé	ságipirágijâ	pedjitcédjra
[The dark haired one]	a young one	basswood	a belt	the fireplace

---

djobóhâ	howahîbí[2]	hâ´be[-]	hidjaí[-]	djidjehí[2]
djobóhâ	howa hîp-híje.	hâbra	hidjáira	djidjehíje.
djobóhâ	howahîbíje.	Hâ´bera	hidjaíra	djidjehíje.
four times	he walked around.	The light	[greater]	it became.

---

[alpha]	hihínâp	re[2´]	[gamma´]	tconí[6]	ránihé[-]
égi	hihínâp	réje	gíji.	tconíxdjî	ranihéra
Égi	hihínâp	rejé	gíji.	Tconíxdjî	ránihéra
[Then]	to go out	he started to go	[.]	The first one	that had left

---

p. 27 --

hakirioikéwe[2]	watcekdjî´[9]	ránihé[-]	wapára	nânuhósdî´
hakíri hoikéweje.	watcekdjî-hijâ*	ranihéra	wapára	nâruhósdî
hakirioikéweje.	Watcekdjî´jâ	ránihéra	wapára	nânughósdî
he started to come in.	A very young one	he had left	his head	[worn out]

*the text has watcekdjî´jâ.

---

mâcúna	carodjerá[-]	c'akdjî´	kiri[2´]	tcirógigîx
mâcû´ra	córodjeràra	c'ákdjî	kirijé.	tcíra-hogigî`x
mâcúna	corodjerára	c'akdjî´	kirijé.	Tcirógigîx
his feathers	hair pulled out	very old	[he came back.]	He made a circuit of the lodge

---

hakiri[rho´]	tciókiságedja	kiridjé[2]	wacdjîgé
hakiri-ánâga	tci-hokisák-edja	kiri-djéje.	"wacdjîgé,
hakiriánâga	tciókiságedja	kiridjéje.	"Wacdjîgé,
[he started and]	in the middle of the lodge	he stopped.	"Hare,

---

hidege[rocker-dot]wáraga	hiuni[etc]*	[X]o-î	worágenicónôgra
hidégenîkwàraga	hi'unínîkwaraga	wâkcík-ho'î	worágnicanâgra
hidegenîkwáraga	hi'unínîkwaraga	wâkcigo-î	worágenicanâgra
[your nephews]	your nieces	life	that you are seeking for them

*the [etc] is et cetera.

---

hicgé	dejegû	hinádjiránihe[dot-/, dot-/]	e[2´]	tcadjidjobíhike
hicgé	déjegû	hirádjiranihekdjanénâ,"	éje.	-*
hicgé	déjegû	hirádjiránihekdjanénâ,"	éje.	Tcadjidjobíhike
[also]	this	they will call on me,"	he said.	The four winds

*this word is omitted in the text of The Culture of the Winnebago.

---

manágho	réhi[rho´]	kísisintc[>]	kárapiésge
mânágho	réhi-ánâ-ga	kísî´sîtcgadjâ,	kárapiésge
mânágho	réhiánâga	kísî´sîtcgadjâ,	kárapiésge
he scratched up the ground	[pushing it away and]	when he shook himself,	[clean]

---

kiridjé[2]	watcekdjî	djasgáranihé[-]	[lambda]	kiridjé[2]
kiridjéje	watcékdjî	djasge-háranihèra	jésge	kiridjeje.
kiridjéje.	Watcékdjî	djasgáranihéra	jésge	kiridjéje.
[he returned.]	Young and handsome	as he had been	[that way]	[he returned.]

---

[alpha]	[omega]	hinûbrá	hakírioikéwe[2]	watcekdjî[9]
égi	jige	hínûbrá	hakíri hoikéweje	watcekdjî´-hijâ
égi	jigé	hinûbrá	hakírioikéweje.	Watcekdjîjâ
Then	[again]	the second one	he started to enter.	[A very young one]

---

rainihé[-]	c'akdjî	[X]o-î´na	hi[6´]	hakírioikéwe[2]
rainihéra	c'akdjî	wâkcik-ho'î´ra	hixdjî	hakíri hoikéweje.
rainihéra,	c'akdjî	wâkcigo-î´na	hixdjî´	hakírioikéweje.
he had left,	very old	life	[advanced in years]	[he began to enter.]

---

wap'ára	nâ´nughosdî	xucáracára	nâkéra[backward epsilon´]	hi-âwazáza
wapára	narughósdî	xucáracara	nâkéracanâ	hî-âwazáza
Wapára	nanughósdî	xucáracara	nâkéracanâ	hî-âwazáza
His head	[worn out]	bald	his back only	few hairs

---

honâkicigenísge	djasgiowánâgre
honâkícignìsge.	djasge-howánâgre*
honâkicigenísge.	Djasgiowánâgre
the hair of his feet was almost gone.	How they went around the lodge

*the text has sjasge-.

---

p. 28 --

jegwogiwákirikar[rho´]	tciókiság[beta]	kiridjé[2]	[alpha]	we[2´]
jégû-hogiwàkiri-ànâga	tci-hokisák-edja	kiridjéje.	égi	wejé
jegwogiwákiriánâga	tciokiságedja	kiridjéje.	Égi	wejé,
that way he went around and	at the center of the lodge	he stopped.	And	he said,

---

"Wacdjîge	[hidegenîkwáraga]*	[hiuniwaraga]*	[X]o-î´	woráginiconôg[-´]
"wacdjî-gé,	hidégnîgwàraga	hi'unínîgwaraga	wâkcík-ho'î	worágnicànâgrá
"Wacdjîgé,	hidegenîkwáraga	hi'unínîkwaraga	wâkcigo-î´	woráginicànâgrá
"Hare,	[your nephews]	[your nieces]	life	that you are seeking for them

*the text has "(hideg hiuni etc)".

---

hi[9´]	hoki'úna	p'î´higi	wewi[/]	p'î´higi
hijâ´	hokiû´ra	pî´higi	wewínâ.	pî´higi
hijâ´	hoki'û´na	pî´higi	wewínâ.	Pî´higi
anyone	ceremony	if they keep it properly	in their minds,	if they do it well

---

hicgé	dejegû	hinádjiránihe[dot-/, dot-/]	[psi]	ruc'ágirenî´[dot-/, dot-/]
hicgé	déjegû	hirádjiranihekdjanènâ	hâké	ruc'ákiranîkdjânènâ,"
hicgé	déjegû	hirádjiranihekdjanènâ,	hâké	ruc'ákirenîkdjanènâ,"
[also]	[this]	they will call on me,	not	they cannot fail,"

---

e[2´]	[alpha]	tciókiság[beta]	tcadjídjobíhike	mânágho
éje.	égi	tci-hokísak-èdja	tcadjí djobíhike*	mânágho
éje.	Égi	tciókiságedja	tcadjídjobíhike	mânágho
he said.	[And]	in the middle of the lodge	the four directions	he scratched up the ground

*the CW text has gadjí djobíhike. Tcadjí means "winds".

---

réhi[rho´]	hoho[rho´]	kísisintc[>´]	kinikéra
réhi-ánâga	hoho-ánâga	kisî´sîtcgàdjâ	kinikéra
réhiánâga	hohoánâga	kisî´sîtcgàdjâ,	kinikéra
[pushing it away and]	he scratched and	when he shook himself,	the wolf

---

watcekedjî´[9]	djasgé	ránihe[-]	[lambda]á kiridjé[2]
watcékdjî`-hijâ	djasgé	ranihéra,	jésge hakiridjéje.
watcekdjî´jâ	djasgé	ranihéra,	jesgákiridjéje.
a very young one	how	he had left,	[this way he returned.]

---

[alpha]	[omega]	hidanína	ránihéra	hûdj[-´]
égi	jigé	hidanína	ranihéra,	hûdjra
Égi	jigé	hidanína	ranihéra,	hûdjerá
[And]	now	the third one	returned,	[the bear]*

*in the Road of Life and Death, Radin translates this as "water spirit" perhaps under the mistaken interpretation of the next word. In the Culture of the Winnebago, he has "the wolf" which is simply wrong. Above, the third one to set out is said to be "the dark haired one", a reference to the bear, here made explicit.

---

watcekdjî´[9]	mâkúhâna	howaránihe[-]	hakirioikéwe[2]
watcekdjî´-hijâ	mâkúhâra	howá ranihéra	hakíri hoikéweje
watcekdjî´jâ	mâkúhâna	howáranihéra	hakirioikéweje.
a very young one	below the earth	he returned	he started to enter.

---

c'akdjî	[X]o-îná	hítcât'î´	hi[2´]	wapára
c'ákdjî	wâkcík-ho'îra	hítcât'î´hijé.	-	wapára
C'ákdjî	wâkcigo-îná	hítcât'î´	hijé.	Wapára
Extreme old age	[the life]	it showed	it did.	His head

---

nanughósdî*	honâkícigenísge	x'úra	x'îx'î´	dje[2´]
narughósdî**	honâkícignísge	xúra	x'î´x'î	djeje.
nanughósdî	honâkícigenísge	xúra	x'î´x'î	djeje.
bald	[like leggings]	[his skin]	wrinkled	it had become.

*the letter /h/ is written above the letter gamma (here rendered by /gh/).
**the Culture of the Winnebago text follows this word with "(naruhósdî)".

---

tcírogigîx´	hakiri[rho´]	tciókiság[beta]	kiridjé[2]	wacdjîge
tcíra-hogigîx´	hakiri-ánâga	tci-hokísak-èdja	kiridjéje.	"wacdjîgé,
Tcírogigîx´	hakiriánâga	tciókiságedja	kiridjéje.	"Wacdjîgé,
He walked around the lodge	[he started and]	in the center of the lodge	he stopped.	"Hare,

---

p. 29 --

[hidegenîkwáraga]*	[hiuniwaraga]*	[X]o-î´	woráginiconôgrá
hidégnîkwàraga	hi'unínîkwàraga**	wâkcík-ho'î	worágnicànâgrá
hidegenîkwáraga	hi'unínîkwàraga	wâkcigo'î´	woráginicànâgrá
[your nephews]	[your nieces]	life	what you are searching for

*the text has "(hideg etc hiuni etc)".
**the CW text has, hi'unínikwàraga.

---

hi[9´]	p'î´higi	[psi]	dee	ruc'ágenî[dot-/, dot-/]
hijâ´	pîhígi,	hâké	dee	ruc'ágnikdjanènâ.
hijâ´	pî´higi,	hâké	dee	ruc'ágenîkdjanènâ.
one	if they do it well,	not	this	they cannot possibly fail.

---

hicgé	déjegû	hinádjire[dot-/, dot-/]	e[2´]	[alpha]
hicge	déjegû	hirádjirekdjanènâ,"	éje.	égi
Hicgé	déjegû	hirádjirekdjanènâ,"	éje.	Égi
[Also]	[this]	let them call upon me,"	he said.	[And]

---

djadjidjobíhike	manágho	rehi[rho´]	kisisintc[>´]	watcekdjî´[9]
djádji djobíhike	manágho	rehi-ánâga	kisî´sîtcgadjâ	watcekdjî´-hijâ
djádjidjobíhike	manágho	rehiánâga	kisî´sîtcgádjâ,	watcekdjî´jâ
[the father of all four of them]*	[from under the earth]*	[he made his return and]	he shook himself, and	[a very young one]

*"the father of all four of them from under the earth" is not found in any of Radin's translations, although the Hotcâk words are found in both the interlinear text and that of the Culture of the Winnebago.

---

djasgé	ránihe[-]	[lambda]dje[2]*
djasgé	ranihéra	jésgehadjèje.
djasgé	ranihéra	jésgehadjèje.
[how]	[he left]	[he became this way.]

*this word is followed by the last word on the page: "(jenuga)", meaning, "it is ended". However, since it is in parentheses, it was supplied by Radin and was not part of the original text. The CW text concludes with jénûga.